patient dialysis would lead to any meaningful misclassification of a dialysis unit's anemia management practice. We disagree with Zhang et al that our findings are inconsistent with a report that the dialysis chain using the smallest doses of ESAs also had the lowest mortality rates. 1 Our model suggests that centers using ESAs the most aggressively across all hematocrit categories would have increased mortality rates relative to the most conservative centers. Therefore, our results are quite compatible with the cited report.We agree with Dr Auerbach that IV iron is a useful aspect of anemia management. However, we note that a study of 10 169 hemodialysis patients found an 11% increased risk of all-cause mortality and a 12% increased risk of hospitalization in patients prescribed more than 10 vials of iron over a 6-month period compared with patients prescribed no iron. 2 That study cites 5 abstracts reporting associations between iron exposure and adverse events, including all-cause mortality and infection-related outcomes. It is likely true that most of the risk of anaphylaxis comes with use of high-molecular-weight iron dextran, but many other important aspects of IV iron use are not well understood. There is a lack of evidence on the comparative effectiveness and safety of different iron dosing strategies (including bolus vs maintenance dosing) and of the different iron complexes, which have different pharmacokinetic properties.Changes in reimbursement coupled with evidence suggesting that frequent use of iron may increase hemoglobin in patients who do not respond well to ESAs 3 are likely to lead to increasing use of IV iron for anemia management in hemodialysis patients. This makes it increasingly important to continue studying IV iron to identify agents and dosing protocols that maximize its considerable benefits while minimizing possible harms and unnecessary use.

This is the accepted version of the paper.This version of the publication may differ from the final published version. Tweet: A single training intervention with an instructional game or video produced large and persistent reductions in decision bias. Permanent repository link Debiasing Decisions 3Highlights:• Biases in judgment and decision making create predictable errors in domains such as intelligence analysis, policy, law, medicine, business, and private life• Debiasing interventions can be effective, inexpensive methods to improve decision making and reduce the costly errors that decision biases produce• We found a short, single training intervention (i.e., playing a computer game or watching a video) produced persistent reductions in six cognitive biases critical to intelligence analysis• Training appears to be an effective debiasing intervention to add to existing interventions such as improvements in incentives, information presentation, and how decisions are elicited (nudges)Debiasing Decisions 4 "Indeed, it appears that in some instances analysts' presumptions were so firm that they simply disregarded evidence that did not support their hypotheses. As we saw in several instances, when confronted with evidence that indicated Iraq did not have WMD, analysts tended to discount such information. Rather than weighing the evidence independently, analysts accepted information that fit the prevailing theory and rejected information that contradicted it.

The social good often depends on the altruistic behavior of specific individuals. For example, epidemiological studies of influenza indicate that elderly individuals, who face the highest mortality risk, are best protected by vaccination of young individuals, who contribute most to disease transmission. To examine the conditions under which young people would get vaccinated to protect elderly people, we conducted a game-theory experiment that mirrored real-world influenza transmission, with "young" players contributing more than "elderly" players to herd immunity. Participants could spend points to get vaccinated and reduce the risk of influenza. When players were paid according to individual point totals, more elderly than young players got vaccinated, a finding consistent with the Nash equilibrium predicting self-interested behavior. When players were paid according to group point totals, however, more young than elderly players got vaccinated-a finding consistent with the utilitarian equilibrium predicting group-optimal behavior-which resulted in higher point totals than when players were paid for their individual totals. Thus, payout structure affected whether individuals got vaccinated for self-interest or group benefit.

In this paper, we revisit the infinite iteration scheme of normal form reductions, introduced by the first and second authors (with Z. Guo), in constructing solutions to nonlinear dispersive PDEs. Our main goal is to present a simplified approach to this method. More precisely, we study normal form reductions in an abstract form and reduce multilinear estimates of arbitrarily high degrees to successive applications of basic trilinear estimates. As an application, we prove unconditional well-posedness of canonical nonlinear dispersive equations on the real line. In particular, we implement this simplified approach to an infinite iteration of normal form reductions in the context of the cubic nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLS) and the modified KdV equation (mKdV) on the real line and prove unconditional well-posedness in H s (R) with (i) s ≥ 1 6 for the cubic NLS and (ii) s > 1 4 for the mKdV. Our normal form approach also allows us to construct weak solutions to the cubic NLS in H s (R), 0 ≤ s < 1 6 , and distributional solutions to the mKdV in H 1 4 (R) (with some uniqueness statements).Résumé. Dans cet article, nous revisitons le schéma d'itération infinie des réductions de forme normale, introduit par les premier et deuxième auteurs (avec Z. Guo), dans la construction des solutions des EDP dispersives non linéaires. Notre objectif principal est de présenter une approche simplifiée à cette méthode. Plus précisément, nous étudions les réductions de forme normale dans un cadre abstrait et nous réduisons les estimations multilinéaires de degrés arbitraires aux applications successives des estimations trilinéaires fondamentales. Comme application, nous montrons que des équations dispersives non linéaires canoniques sont inconditionnellement bien-posées sur la droite réelle. En particulier, nous implémentons cette approche simplifiée à l'itération infinie des réductions de forme normale dans le contexte de l'équation de Schrödinger non linéaire cubique (NLS) et de l'équation de KdV modifiée (mKdV) sur la droite réelle et nous prouvons qu'elles sont inconditionnellement bien posées dans H s (R) avec (i) s ≥ 1 6 dans le cas pour NLS cubique et (ii) s > 1 4 dans le cas pour mKdV. Notre approche de forme normale nous permet également de construire solutions faibles au NLS cubique dans H s (R), 0 ≤ s < 1 6 , et solutions de distribution au mKdV dans H 1 4 (R) (avec certaine forme d'unicité).

In intertemporal choice research, choice tasks (i.e., choosing between $80 today and $100 in a year) are often used to elicit a discount rate. The discount rate derived from a choice task, however, is largely restricted by the granularities and ranges of the questions asked. We examined this restriction in three popular discount rate measurements using simulations and experiments, and we propose an alternative procedure (Three-option Adaptive Discount rate measure (ToAD)), which is capable of measuring a wide range of discount rates (from approximately .035% to 350 000% annual percentage rate) with high precision using 10 questions, in under a minute. ToAD can be easily implemented in online surveys (i.e., Qualtrics).