Bone tissue engineering is gaining popularity as an alternative method for the treatment of osseous defects. A number of biodegradable polymers have been explored for tissue engineering purposes. A new family of biodegradable polymer/bioactive glass composite materials has been designed to be used in bone regeneration approaches. In this work, a hybrid scaffold of chitosan (CH) and bioactive glass nanoparticles (BGN) was prepared by the freeze‐gelation method. This method has been studied by adjusting the concentration of acetic acid; this process can influence the structure properties of the scaffold. In this work, several BGN/CH composites have been prepared by varying the proportion of BGN in the hybrid scaffold (20, 40, 60, and 80%). Brunauer–Emmett–Teller results showed the increased surface area and porosity volume of our composite with decreasing BGN proportion. BGN/CH hybrid scaffold was characterized by using physicochemical techniques. Obtained results showed a macroporous morphology of the scaffold with a pore size of about 200 μm, and a homogeneous distribution of the BGN in the CH matrix. X‐ray diffraction study confirmed the amorphous state of the BGN/CH hybrid scaffold. Interaction between CH and BGNs in the composite was confirmed. The in vitro assays showed adequate degradation properties, which is essential for the potential replacement by the new tissue. The in vitro bioactivity studies confirmed the formation of an apatite layer on the surface of the hybrid scaffold, which results in a direct bone bonding of the implant. These results indicate that BGN/CH hybrid scaffold developed is a potential candidate for bone tissue engineering.

Compost stability assessment within different particle size fractions was studied. Humic acids (HAs) were extracted from two kinds of co-composts prepared using evaporated olive mill wastewater (OMSW) or solid waste from olive oil extraction (OC) and poultry manure (PM). The elemental composition, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and 13C-NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) analysis and molecular weight distribution were investigated to assess the composted organic matter stability in different fractions. In both composts, organic matter content was higher in the > 2 mm fractions than in the < 2 mm fractions, because of fractions' richness in hardly biodegradable compounds. Spectroscopic analysis revealed that OMSW compost fraction < 2 mm and OC compost 2-4 mm fraction were rich in aromatic compounds and oxygenated groups but poor in aliphatic structure. Moreover, the HA distribution reflected a high stabilized compost < 2 mm fraction, especially from evaporated effluent known as phytotoxic. However, the 4-6 mm fraction included high aliphatic compounds besides aromatic structures and did not exhibit any phytotoxicity, confirming compost fraction maturity. However, the low C/N ratio, the high OMSW compost mineral nutritive elements and the high aromatic C rate reflected highly stabilized products. Consequently, the performance of both prepared organic fertilizers for agriculture use contested the previous negative effect ascribed to olive mill wastewater.

The biomaterials are used for many biomedical applications. The main objective of the present work was to investigate the potential role of Bioglass (Melting)- Polyvinyl alcohol (BG (M)-PVA) and Bioglass (Melting)-Polyvinyl alcohol-20%Ciprofloxacin (BG (M)-PVA-20Cip) in regenerative bone capacity. These composites were implanted in the femoral condyles of Wistar rats and compared to that of ovariectomised groups. Our results noted, after the different period of implantation (15, 30, 60 and 90 days), that the Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Acid phosphatase (ACP) activities showed an excellent osteoinductive property of BG (M)-PVA, that this phenomena decreased with the presence of ciprofloxacin. Physico-chemical techniques (ICP-OES and SEM) were engaged to highlight the influence of antibiotic on the structure, porosity and bioactivity of a porous Glass-PVA before and after implantation. The results obtained by ICP-OES showed a rapid reduction in silicon (Si) and sodium (Na), and noted an accelerator increase in calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) ion concentrations in BG (M)-PVA that the BG (M)-PVA-20Cip. This result is confirmed by SEM. We can conclude that the loading of ciprofloxacin in BG (M)-PVA is characterized by a retard effect of formation of apatitic phase.

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