Background: Chromosomal translocation is a common cause among hematological malignancies thus. a different diagnostic and treatment approach is required in these cases. Aim: To determine frequencies and clinic-hematological features of different hematological malignancies among patients. Methodology: It was a descriptive cross sectional study. Patients (n=284) with hematological malignancy were enrolled from total 1080 bone marrow biopsies. Detailed history, clinical examination and hematological parameters were recorded at time of presentation. Bone marrow aspiration and trephine biopsy were done as per the clinical indication. Data was evaluated by using SPSS version 23. Chi-square test was applied with p-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The study showed the high percentage of hematological malignancies (24%) were observed among enrolled patients with CML being the commonest cancer among them. Practical Implication: This study established the clinic-hematological correlation and provided study based suggestions for better diagnosis and treatment of hematological malignancies while using bone marrow microscopic examination as an important diagnostic tool. Conclusion: It was concluded that acute leukemias were common in younger age whereas chronic leukemias and lymphoproliferative disorders in more advanced ages. Keywords: Hematological Malignancies, Bone Marrow Examination and Diagnosis.

Background: Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI’s) revolutionized the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Aim: To compare the efficacy and safety between two Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors among Pakistani population. Study Design: Randomized control trial. Methodology: Patients (n=124) were enrolled through simple random sampling. Prognostic scores were calculated for each patient. The institutional ethics committee of HFH approved this study protocol. Written informed consent was taken. Patients were randomly assigned to nilotinib 600 mg or imatinib 400 mg. The first analysis was done at 12 months of treatment. The second analysis was conducted after patients completed 24 months of therapy with TKIs. A consent form was signed by the participant before taking data. The basic end point was the rate of complete cytogenetic response (CCyR; 0% Ph+ metaphases by cytogenetics) at 12 months. Data was evaluated by using SPSS version 23. Chi-square test was applied with p-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Nilotinib proved superior over imatinib in achieving complete cytogenetic response (94% vs 79%) with significant p-value. Both drugs showed similar risk profile to those from other international studies. Conclusion: It was concluded that Nilotinib proved clear benefit over imatinib in achieving higher rates of cytogenetic response in our study. The risk of events was comparable with imatinib and nilotinib; but each one showed different kinds of adverse events. Keywords: Chronic Myeloid Leukemia, Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors and Cytogenetic Response.

Background: Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a clonal myelo-proliferative disorder of a pluripotent stem cell. Aim: To find the frequency of low, intermediate and high risk category in patients of chronic myeloid leukemia and to compare frequency of complete molecular response. Study design: Descriptive case series. Methodology: Present study was conducted at Hematology Department, Sheikh Zayed Hospital Lahore. 260 patients fulfilled the selection criteria were selected. Sokal score was calculated. Low risk, intermediate and high risk category was assessed. Patients were followed up for 3 months. BCR-ABL translocation detection was done after 3months of treatment and complete molecular response was recorded. All this information was recorded on proforma. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20. The chi-square test was used to compare the groups. A p-value of 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The mean age of patients was 49.18±20.33years. There were 144(55.4%) males and 116(44.6%) females. The mean duration of CML diagnosis was 3.52±1.69months. At baseline, 172 (66.2%) had low risk, 76(29.2%) had intermediate risk and 12 (4.6%) had high risk. In the study, complete molecular response was observed in 0% patients. Conclusion: It was concluded that there is regression in grades of Sokal score in patients of Chronic myeloid leukemia after 3 months treatment with TKIs but there is no complete molecular response observed in any patient after 3 months of treatment with TKIs. Keywords: Chronic Myeloid Leukemia, Low, Intermediate, High Risk and Sokal Score.