Because of the extraordinary advancements in biomedical nanotechnology over the last few decades, traditional drug delivery systems have been transformed into smart drug delivery systems that respond to stimuli. These well-defined nanoplatforms can boost therapeutic targeting efficacy while reducing the side effects/toxicities of payloads, which are crucial variables for enhancing patient compliance by responding to specific internal or external triggers. Cubosomes are lipid-based nano systems that are analogous to well-known vesicular systems, such as lipo- and niosomes. They could be used as part of a unique drug delivery system that includes hydro-, lipo-, and amphiphilic drug molecules. In this review, we critically analyze the relevant literature on cubosomesregarding theories of cubosomeself-assembly, composition, and manufacturing methods, with an emphasis on tumor-targeted drug delivery applications. Due to the bioadhesive and -compatible nature of cubosome dispersion, this review also focuses on a variety of drug delivery applications, including oral, ophthalmic and transdermal.

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This paper reviews the basic concepts of historical linguistics and the comparative techniques used by various linguists who studied Indo-European and American languages to determine a shared ancestry among languages. This paper also evaluates the major concepts of historical linguistics and the well-grounded theories and classifications that have guided and shaped the modern linguistic classification practices. For over one and a half century, historical linguists have been deducing the origins of different languages. Genetic classifications have been proposed for languages from all parts of the world and thus far, 142 language-families have been identified. Although all of these classification schemes are controversial in terms of their validity and reliability but with the progress in the field of bioinformatics, the problems in linguistic reconstruction have been greatly resolved. Therefore, the historical classification schemes that have been proposed earlier are being radically revised as further progress is made. It is suggested that, to develop further understanding of the typical pattern of language diversification and genetic classification of languages, more recent studies based on sophisticated bioinformatics and statistical techniques for linguistic data analysis should be reviewed.

Obesity is a rapidly increasing public health concern which is globally associated with chronic diseases, such as type II diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The aim of the current study was to find the association among age, gender, and Body Mass Index (BMI) of obese individuals residing in Lahore, Pakistan. This cross-sectional study was carried out in January 2021. Data was collected through an electronic questionnaire. A total of 868 individuals (84.3% female and 15.7% male) of ages between 18 to 60 years participated in the current study. Convenient sampling method was used. Anthropometrics including weight, height, and age were taken in kilograms (kg), centimeters (cm) and years, respectively. The standard equation to calculate BMI was used (weight in kg/height in m²). WHO BMI cut-points for Asians were used to assess the BMI status of the selected individuals. Statistical analysis was carried out through Microsoft Excel and SPSS. It was found that the prevalence of obesity was 17.2% (12% type I obesity, while 2.6% type II and type III obesity), while 15.1% participants were found to be overweight, 22.7% were underweight, and 44.9% were determined to be normal. It was also determined that the prevalence of underweight, overweight, type I, type II, and type III obesity is more common among women (20.6%, 12.3%, 9.2%, 2.3%, and 2%, respectively) than men (2.1%, 2.8%, 2.8%, 0.3%, and 0.7%, respectively)   (p-value <0.05). The highest prevalence of underweight, overweight, type I, type II, and type III obesity was observed in age group 19-21 years (11.1%, 7.3%, 7.4%, 1.5%, and 2.1%, respectively) (p-value <0.05). These results would help to develop public health programs and preventive measures to reduce the prevalence of the above risk factors for obesity and other non-communicable diseases.  

The relationship between the socioeconomic status (SES) of parents and the effect of socio-economic status on the food intake pattern of their children was examined in this study. Children of low SES generally have poorer diets than children of high SES. Objective: To observe the association of child obesity with food choices in different areas of Lahore Methods: Data were collected from 38 participants, from different areas of Lahore, Pakistan. From which 20 were female and 18 were male children. Their parents were requested to solve a questionnaire which comprised of different questions related to child age, height, weight, eating habits and parent’s socioeconomic status and their education. Results: Study showed that children growing up in families with a lower SES had a higher body mass index (BMI), lower quality of life, less healthy nutrition, and less physical activity as compared to children growing up in families with a higher SES.  The food frequency questionnaire showed that children belonging to lower SES consumed 17% grains, 18% dairy sources, 16% vegetables, 12% pluses and lentils, 0% meat, 11% fruits, and 13% tea and coffee in a day. While children belonging to higher SES consumed 17% grains, 29% dairy sources, 6% vegetables, 2% pulses and lentils, 13% meat, 13% fruits, and 7% tea and coffee daily. Conclusions: SES has an exquisite impact at the food alternatives and food intake among college-going youngsters. Lower SES children devour greater veggies, less meat, and dairy products at the same time as better SES kids devour fewer vegetables and extra meat and dairy products. Children from DHA were more obese and they were consuming more protein based diet and practicing sedentary life style.