This study reviews the trends of exotic chicken production, potential and constraints with the aim of delivering summarized and synthesized information for the beneficiaries and reader. Poultry production and product consumption are progressively growing in the world. Poultry accounts for about 33% of the global meat consumption and is expected to grow at 2-3% yearG 1 in the world. In Ethiopia, chicken production plays a great role as a prime supplier of eggs and meat in rural and urban area and as a source of income, especially to women. Although traditional practices continue to dominate domestic poultry production in Ethiopia, there has been a shift to industrial production. Attempts have been made to introduce different exotic poultry breeds to small holder farming systems of Ethiopia because of low performance of indigenous chicken. The egg production potential of local chicken is 30-60 eggs yearG 1 henG 1 with an average of 38 g egg weight under village management conditions, while exotic breeds produce around 250 eggs yearG 1 henG 1 with around 60 g egg weight in Ethiopia. Even though, all available evidence indicates that all the imported breeds of chickens performed well under the intensive management system but still the contribution of exotic chicken to the Ethiopian economy is significantly lower than that of other African countries. Poultry meat and egg production is the most environmentally efficient animal protein production system. But, feed shortage, disease and other critical gaps that need to be filled by the institutions of research and development to improve the productive performance of exotic chicken breed in Ethiopia.

The present study was designed to analyze chemical composition, organoloptic evaluation and adulteration condition of milk sold in Hossana town, Ethiopia during the year 2015/16. A total of thirty (30) milk samples were collected, each of ten (n= 10) from milk producers (MP), cafeteria and control. Results showed that maximum fat, protein, lactose density, solid-not-fat, total solid and water contents were observed in samples S3 (4.65%), S1 (3.40%), S2 (4.24%), S2 (31.94%), S2 (5.65%) S1(9.3%) and S1 (11.17%) respectively. The results for raw milk sample for evaluating the chemical composition (protein, density, solid-not-fat, and total solid) showed that there is no significant difference (p>0.05) statistically. The statistical analysis showed that the fat and water contents of these milk samples collected from different sources were significantly different (p<0.01). Clot-on-boiling test (COB) and alcohol test (AT) showed that milk sample from house hold milk has superior quality as compare to cafeteria milk. 90% and 80% milk samples from milk producer and cafeteria respectively were successfully pass on clot-on-boiling test, whereas (80% and 70% milk samples from milk producer and cafeteria respectively were successfully pass on alcohol test. In organoleptic test, the result was based on physical appearance (sensory evaluation) system. Ninety percent (90%) milk samples from milk producer were normal (white in color) and 10% were abnormal (yellowish white). Whereas (80%) milk samples from cafeteria were normal and 20% were abnormal (yellowish white). 70% and 67% milk samples from milk producer and cafeteria respectively were normal in odor/ Smell. In general, it is not fair to conclude that some of the milk quality parameter sold at Hossana city, met the minimum legal standards of normal milk. Therefore, it is recommended that introducing different dairy technologies should be supported with a continuous training on how to manage a dairy farm. Stronger milk quality control and quality base payment could help a lot to discourage adulteration.

The study was conducted on 120 randomly selected male working donkeys and their owners with the objective of assessing utilization practice and the general management problems of working donkeys in Hossana city (Ethiopia). Relevant information was collected by semistructured and pretested interview schedule and direct physical observation of the animals. In the study area donkeys provide cart services, carrying different kinds of commodities weighing more than 400kg to get high benefit in short time and covering distances of more than 5 km for duration of more than 7 hours and use more than 6 day per week. The life span of working donkeys in the present study area were less than 5 year, between 6-10 year and more than 11 year with a percentage of 29.2%, 35.8% and 35%, respectively. The wound prevalence in the present study area was 56.7%. 31.7% of owners take diseased donkey to government veterinary, 27.5%take diseased donkey to private veterinary and 14.2%used traditional treatment. Harnessing problems (1 st ), diseases (2 nd ), over loading (3 rd ), injury (4 th ), lack of veterinary service (5 th ), were found to be the top challenges in the area. Friends and relatives (1 st ) neighbors (2 nd ) own experience (3 rd ) NGOs (4 th ) extension agents (5 th ) and reading materials (6 th ) were found the main source of knowledge on donkey utilization. Therefore, awareness creation about how to handle animals to avoid physiological stress due to over working, over loading and harmful effect of certain management practice should be conducted through government and non-government organization.