Purpose This systematic review aims to identify, classify, and evaluate existing information regarding treatment for benign vocal fold lesions in children and to identify gaps and limitations that may limit effective pediatric voice treatment. Method A literature search was performed using electronic databases (PubMed and Google Scholar) as well as reference lists from previous reviews, studies, and books. Included in the present review are studies that described behavioral treatment for children with benign vocal fold lesions presumed to be phonotraumatic (vocal fold nodules and edema). Results Twenty-one studies were eligible for inclusion in the review. Eight different research designs were used, and three intervention types were identified: direct voice intervention (voice training), indirect treatment (vocal hygiene or counseling), and comparative studies that contrasted different treatment methods. The most commonly used treatment method was eclectic direct intervention, which focused on vocal exercises or voicing patterns. Postintervention improvement was reported in all studies. In general, findings suggested an advantage of direct over indirect intervention and of longer treatment duration over short-term approaches. Conclusions The findings suggest that behavioral voice therapy may be generally effective in treating children with vocal fold nodules. Several limitations emerged in the corpus of studies reviewed including heterogeneity of research methods, missing information about outcome measures, and inappropriate statistical analyses. Thus, a need exists for further well-designed controlled studies to enhance the body of knowledge about developmental factors affecting vocal treatment outcomes, in particular, vocal fold structure as well as cognitive and linguistic development.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to establish the frequency response of a selection of low-cost headset microphones that could be given to subjects for remote voice recordings and to examine the effect of microphone type and frequency response on key acoustic measures related to voice quality obtained from speech and vowel samples. Method: The frequency responses of three low-cost headset microphones were evaluated using pink noise generated via a head-and-torso model. Each of the headset microphones was then used to record a series of speech and vowel samples prerecorded from 24 speakers who represented a diversity of sex, age, fundamental frequency ( F o ), and voice quality types. Recordings were later analyzed for the following measures: smoothed cepstral peak prominence (CPP; dB), low versus high spectral ratio (L/H ratio; dB), CPP F o (Hz), and cepstral spectral index of dysphonia (CSID). Results: The frequency response of the microphones under test was observed to have nonsignificant effects on measures of the CPP and CPP F o , significant effects on the CSID in speech contexts, and strong and significant effects on the measure of spectral tilt (L/H ratio). However, the correlations between the various headset microphones and a reference precision microphone were excellent ( r s > .90). Conclusions: The headset microphones under test all showed the capability to track a wide range of diversity in the voice signal. Though the use of higher quality microphones that have demonstrated specifications is recommended for typical research and clinical purposes, low-cost electret microphones may be used to provide valid measures of voice, specifically when the same microphone and signal chain is used for the evaluation of pre- versus posttreatment change or intergroup comparisons.

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Purpose: The study's primary aim was to investigate developmental changes in the perception of vocal loudness and voice quality in children 3–6 years of age. A second aim was to evaluate a testing procedure—the intermodal preferential looking paradigm (IPLP)—for the study of voice perception in young children. Method: Participants were categorized in two age groups: 3- to 4-year-olds and 5- to 6-year-olds. Children were tested remotely via a Zoom appointment and completed two perceptual tasks: (a) voice discrimination and (b) voice identification. Each task consisted of two tests: a vocal loudness test and a voice quality test. Results: Children in the 5- to 6-year-old group were significantly more accurate than children in the 3- to 4-year-old group in discriminating and identifying differences between voices for both loudness and voice quality. The IPLP, used in the identification task, was found to successfully detect differences between the age groups for overall accuracy and for most of the sublevels of vocal loudness and voice quality. Conclusions: Results suggest that children's ability to discriminate and identify differences in vocal loudness and voice quality improves with age. Findings also support the use of the IPLP as a useful tool to study voice perception in young children.

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