Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors are a novel class of antidiabetic drugs used for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Paraganglioma is a rare neuroendocrine neoplasm observed in patients of all ages, with an estimated incidence of 3/1,000,000 population. It has long been recognized that some cases are familial. The majority of these tumors are benign, and the only absolute criterion for malignancy is the presence of metastases at sites where chromaffin tissue is not usually found. Some tumors show gross local invasion and recurrence, which may indeed kill the patient, but this does not necessarily associate with metastatic potential. Here, we report a case of vertebral metastatic paraganglioma that occurred 19 months after the patient had undergone partial cystectomy for urinary bladder paraganglioma. We believe this to be a rarely reported bone metastasis of paraganglioma arising originally within the urinary bladder. In this report, we also provide a summary of the general characteristics of this disease, together with progress in diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.

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Review question / Objective: Can cuff-assisted colonoscopy (CAC) be utilized for the detection of adenoma (DA)?Condition being studied: Adenoma detection; cuff-assisted colonoscopy. Information sources: Electronic searches The following electronic online databases will be searched from MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure from their inceptions to present. We will not apply any language and publication status limitations to the above electronic databases. All consider casecontrolled studies (CCSs) that focusing on exploring the impacts of CAC for DA will be considered. Other resources We will also search grey records, such as dissertations, conference abstracts, and reference list of relevant reviews. INPLASY registration number:This protocol was registered with the International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (INPLASY) on 08 April 2020 and was last u p d a t e d o n 0 8 A p r i l 2 0 2 0 ( r e g i s t r a t i o n n u m b e r INPLASY202040042).

Background: Previous studies have reported that cuff-assisted colonoscopy (CAC) can be used for detection of adenoma (DA). However, there are inconsistent results regarding the CAC for DA. Thus, this study will systematically explore the impact of CAC for DA. Methods: In order to retrieve potential eligible articles, this study will identify the following electronic databases from their inceptions to present: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, PSYCINFO, Web of Science, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure. All electronic databases will be searched without any language limitation. We will consider case-controlled studies that focused on exploring the impacts of CAC for DA. Two authors will perform study selection, information collection and risk of bias assessment, respectively. Any discrepancies between 2 authors will be resolved through discussion with a third author. Results: This study will summarize the most recent evidence to assess the impact of CAC for DA. Conclusion: The findings of this study will provide evidence of CAC for DA in clinical practice. Systematic review registration: INPLASY202040042.