Calcific aortic valve disease is a common, severe heart condition that is currently with no proven, effective drug treatment and requires a surgical valve replacement or an entire heart explanation. Thus, developing novel, targeted therapeutic approaches becomes a major goal for cardiovascular disease research. To achieve this goal, isolated heart valve interstitial cells could be an advanced model to explore molecular mechanisms and measure drug efficacy. Based on this progress, molecular mechanisms that harbor components of  inflammation and fibrosis coupled with proteins, for example, BMP-2, TLRs, RANKL, Osteoprotegerin, have been proposed. Small molecules or antibodies targeting these proteins have shown promising efficacy for either reversing or slowing down calcification development in vitro. In this review, we summarize these potential therapeutics with some highlights of interstitial cellular models.

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This paper introduces a Load-balancing Clustering Algorithm of WSN for Data Gathering (LCA-DG), so that the energy is distributed evenly between each cluster, thus prolonging the lifetime of network. A fast local maintenance and update algorithm is proposed on the basis of the optimization algorithm in this article, to make sure that the network will be able to restore quickly and operate normally after adding or removing nodes, so that this algorithm has good expansibility and self-recovery ability, and more in line with the needs of practical application.