Reactions of PdCl with 2 equiv of N,N'-disubstituted-imidazole-2-thiones RRCNS (R = R = Me (1a), Pr (1b), Cy (1c), CMeH (1d); R = Me, R = Ph (1e)) under the different conditions afford five mononuclear complexes trans-[(RRCNS)PdCl] (R = R = Me (2a), Pr (2b), Cy (2c), CMeH (2d); R = Me, R = Ph (2e)) and five binuclear Pd(II) complexes [(PdCl){μ-(RRCNS)}] (R = R = Me (3a), Pr (3b), Cy (3c), CMeH (3d); R = Me, R = Ph (3e)), respectively. Complexes 2a-2e are easily converted into the corresponding 3a-3e by adding equimolar PdCl in refluxing MeOH, while the reverse reaction is achieved at room temperature by addition of 2 equiv of 1a-1e. In 2b, 2d, and 2e, each Pd(II) holds a distorted square planar geometry completed by two trans Cl atoms and two trans S atoms. Complexes 3a-3e have a dimeric [PdS] structure in which two {PdCl} units are interlinked by two N,N'-disubstituted-imidazole-2-thiones. Each Pd(II) adopts a distorted square planar geometry accomplished by two cis Cl atoms and two cis bridging S atoms. Among them, complex 3d has the two largest CMeH groups on the 2 and 5 positions of imidazole-2-thione, the longest Pd-μ-S bond, the largest S-Pd-S angle, and displays the highest catalytic activity toward Suzuki-Miyaura and copper-free Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions, which are confirmed by density functional theory calculations. The results provide an interesting insight into the introduction of various substituent groups into the periphery ligands of coordination complex-based catalysts, which could tune their geometric structures to acquire the best catalytic activity toward organic reactions.

The nickel-catalyzed esterification of carboxylic acids with aryl bromides using thioxanthen-9-one as a photosensitizer provided aryl esters with excellent yields.

BackgroundSome studies found out that TC/HDL-C ratio is a predictor of Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and Nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD) is related to CVD. And some researches have already studied that Apolipoprotein B to Apolipoprotein A1 ratio (ApoB/ApoA1) and Triglyceride to High-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (TG/HDL-C) were both related with CVD and NAFLD, but few studied the association between TC/HDL-C ratio and NAFLD. So, we suspected the ratio was also related to NAFLD. The research aims to study the predictive value of TC/HDL-C to NAFLD and to help the early detection of NAFLD.MethodsBased on the Jinchang Cohort, the study contained 32,121 participants. We assessed the incidence of NAFLD by the quartiles of TC, HDL-C and TC/HDL-C. Then, the does-response relationship between these indicators and the risk of NAFLD was obtained. Finally, the receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC) was applied to decide the predictive value of TC/HDL-C.ResultsAmong the study participants, the cumulative incidence of NAFLD was 6.30% and the rate of dyslipidemia was 40.37%. The biochemical indicators of NAFLD had a difference with general population. The incidence of NAFLD raised with the quartiles of TC, TG and LDL-C raising, while decreased with the HDL-C′ quartiles raising. After controlling confounding factors, TC and TC/HD-C had a positive relationship with NAFLD, while HDL-C had the opposite. Finally, the ROC analysis showed the area under the curve (AUC) of TC/HDL-C (0.645) was greater than TC (0.554), HDL-C (0.627) and Apolipoprotein B to Apolipoprotein A1 (ApoB/ApoA1) (0.613).ConclusionsThe TC/HDL-C ratio has significant predictive value to NAFLD.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12944-019-0984-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.