Allogeneic stem cell transplant-derived T cells have the potential to seek and eliminate sites of residual cancer that escaped primary therapy. Oncolytic myxoma virus (MYXV) exhibits potent anti-cancer efficacy against human cancers like multiple myeloma (MM) and can arm transplant-derived T cells to become more effective cancer killers in vitro and in an immunodeficient xenotransplant murine model. Here, we tested ex vivo MYXV virotherapy against residual murine MM in immunocompetent mice using an allogeneic mouse-mouse model. In contrast to all human MM cell lines previously tested, the murine MM cell line tested here was highly resistant to direct MYXV infection and oncolysis in vitro. Despite this in vitro resistance, we found that ex vivo MYXV-armed allogeneic bone marrow (BM) transplantation dramatically ablated pre-seeded residual MM in vivo. Unexpectedly, we show that both neutrophils and activated T cells from the donor function as virus-armed carrier cells, and MYXV-preloaded cells enhanced MM killing. Our results demonstrate a novel therapeutic paradigm for residual cancer, in which multiple classes of allotransplant leukocytes can be armed by MYXV ex vivo to enhance the graft-versus-tumor effects.

| A study was conducted to identify the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. as well as to investigate the effect of the region, age and sex on the infection rate in cattle and their breeders. A total of 288 samples (200 samples for cattle and 88 samples for their breeders) were collected during November 2014 to May 2015. Results showed a significant difference in the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in cattle (57%) and their breeders (32.95%). The effect of age on infection rate in cattle was significant (P<0.01). The highest infection rate (75.68%) was shown in the early age category (less than 1 year), while the lowest (43.47%) was found in age ≥6 years. In general, the infection rate dropped gradually with advanced age until reached the lowest estimation in the older age (≥6 years). On the other hand, the effects of region and sex were not significant. Concerning the cattle breeders all studied effects were not significant.