This article applies the homotopy perturbation transform technique to analyze fractional-order nonlinear fifth-order Korteweg–de-Vries-type (KdV-type)/Kawahara-type equations. This method combines the Zain Ul Abadin Zafar-transform (ZZ-T) and the homotopy perturbation technique (HPT) to show the validation and efficiency of this technique to investigate three examples. It is also shown that the fractional and integer-order solutions have closed contact with the exact result. The suggested technique is found to be reliable, efficient, and straightforward to use for many related models of engineering and several branches of science, such as modeling nonlinear waves in different plasma models.

Global agriculture production is under serious threat from rapidly increasing population and adverse climate changes. Food security is currently a huge challenge to feed 10 billion people by 2050. Crop domestication through conventional approaches is not good enough to meet the food demands and unable to fast-track the crop yields. Also, intensive breeding and rigorous selection of superior traits causes genetic erosion and eliminates stress-responsive genes, which makes crops more prone to abiotic stresses. Salt stress is one of the most prevailing abiotic stresses that poses severe damages to crop yield around the globe. Recent innovations in state-of-the-art genomics and transcriptomics technologies have paved the way to develop salinity tolerant crops. De novo domestication is one of the promising strategies to produce superior new crop genotypes through exploiting the genetic diversity of crop wild relatives (CWRs). Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies open new avenues to identifying the unique salt-tolerant genes from the CWRs. It has also led to the assembly of highly annotated crop pan-genomes to snapshot the full landscape of genetic diversity and recapture the huge gene repertoire of a species. The identification of novel genes alongside the emergence of cutting-edge genome editing tools for targeted manipulation renders de novo domestication a way forward for developing salt-tolerance crops. However, some risk associated with gene-edited crops causes hurdles for its adoption worldwide. Halophytes-led breeding for salinity tolerance provides an alternative strategy to identify extremely salt tolerant varieties that can be used to develop new crops to mitigate salinity stress.

No abstract

Ion-acoustic waves (IAWs) are investigated in an unmagnetized collisionless plasma comprising dynamical ions and inertialess cold and hot (C-H) electrons expressed by Maxwellian, kappa, and (r,q) distributions. The reductive perturbation theory is applied for deriving a modified Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (mKP) equation to examine the characteristics of ion-acoustic structures (solitary waves). The Hirota bilinear formalism is used to investigate the propagation of a single soliton and the interaction of two solitons with special reference to space plasmas. It is found that ratio of number density of cold to hot electrons and non-Maxwellian nature of cold electrons not only affect the propagation characteristics of single mKP solitons but also alter the interaction time of the IASWs. It is found that the swiftness of the interaction of solitons for flat-topped distribution surpasses both kappa and Maxwellian distributions. It is also found that the bipolar and tripolar structures depend on the ratio of the propagation vectors. The ranges of electric field amplitude for the IASWs are calculated for C-H electrons distributions corresponding to Saturn's B-ring and the region just beyond terrestrial magnetopause, and are shown to agree with Cassini Wideband Receiver (WBR) observational data and Wideband plasma wave instrument's waveform data.

We perform a detailed study on the completely non-integrable forced damped Gardner/Extended Kawahara equation (FDEKE). Three-techniques are introduced to determine abundance approximations to the proposed equation. In the first technique, the ansatz method is carried out for deriving some general formulas for the analytical approximations. In the second and third techniques, the FDGKE is analyzed numerically using both Septic B-spline collocation method (SB-SCM) and method of lines (MOLs). As a realistic model, the obtained approximations are employed for studying the properties of the periodic forced dissipative Extended Kawahara solitary and cnoidal waves in a pair-ion plasma comprised of Maxwellian electrons and two fluid positive and negative ions. Both numerical and analytical approximations are graphically compared with each other. Also, the global maximum residual error (GMRE) L_{∞} for all obtained approximations is estimated for checking the accuracy of these approximations. Moreover, the obtained approximations can be applied for studying the features of the dissipative localized and periodic higher-order structures in optical fiber, ocean, sea, different models of plasma physics, and fluid mechanics.