Background: IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common type of glomerulonephritis in Asia. Its pathogenesis involves higher expression of galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) and dysregulated intestinal mucosal immunity. The objective of this study was to explore whether specific gut microbiota and associated enzymes affect Gd-IgA1 in IgAN.Methods: This study carried out shotgun metagenomic sequencing with Illumina on fecal samples collected from 20 IgAN patients (IgAN group) and 20 healthy controls (HCs group) who were recruited from January 2016 to December 2018 at the Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine. Differences analysis in gut microbiota was performed to determine the overall microbiota composition, the representative enterotypes, and the microbiota abundance. Correlations between gut microbiota and clinical indicators were assessed by Spearman’s analysis. Moreover, the functional prediction of microbial communities and the quantitative calculation of enzymes encoded by microbiome were performed using the MetaCyc pathway and the bioBakery three platform, respectively.Results:Bacteroides plebeius and Bacteroides vulgatus levels were higher, while Prevotella copri and Alistipes putredinis levels were lower in the IgAN group compared to HCs group. Enterotype I characterized by Bacteroides was closely related to the IgAN patients. Moreover, Bacteroides fragilis, Flavonifractor plautii and Ruminococcus gnavus were characteristic bacteria enriched in IgAN patients. Spearman’s correlation analysis found that Eggerthella lenta and Ruminococcus bromii were positively correlated with urine protein-creatinine ratio, while Ruminococcus gnavus showed a direct association with red blood cells in urine, and Bacteroides vulgatus and Ruminococcus gnavus were positively correlated with eGFR. These results indicated that intestinal dysbacteriosis occurred in IgAN patients and was associated with clinical and biochemical features. In addition, MetaCyc pathway analysis predicted microbiota-related metabolic pathways, including the biosynthesis of amino acids and glycans, were associated with the IgAN group. Microbial enzymes analysis highlighted that Gd-IgA1-associated α-galactosidase and α-N-acetyl-galactosaminidase secreted by Flavonifractor plautii were enriched in IgAN patients.Conclusion: These findings suggested that α-galactosidase and α-N-acetyl-galactosaminidase secreted by Flavonifractor plautii might be related to the production of Gd-IgA1, indicating that enzymes originated from abnormal intestinal microbiota may contribute to the production of Gd-IgA1 and play an important role in the pathogenesis of IgAN.

Background: The optimal choice of treatment, with hemodialysis (HD) or peritoneal dialysis (PD), for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients, is yet controversial. Only a few studies comparing HD and PD have been conducted in China with the largest number of dialysis patients in the world.Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on ESRD patients who began renal replacement treatment from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2017 in Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine. Propensity scoring match was applied to balance the baseline conditions and multivariate Cox regression analysis to compare the mortality between HD and PD patients, and evaluated the correlation between mortality and various baseline characteristics.Results: A total of 436 HD patients and 501 PD patients were included in this study, and PD patients had better survival than HD patients, but the difference was not statistically significant. For younger ESRD patients (≤60-years-old), the overall survival of PD was better than that of HD, but HD was associated with a lower risk of death in older patients (>70-years-old). This difference was still significant after adjustment for a variety of confounding factors. Female gender, age of dialysis initiation, cardiovascular disease, cholesterol, and HD were risk factors of all-cause mortality in the younger subgroup, while PD was risk factors in the older subgroup.Conclusion: Younger ESRD patients may be suitable for PD, and the older ESRD patients for HD.

Background: The optimal choice of treatment, with hemodialysis (HD) or peritoneal dialysis (PD), for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients, is still controversial. Only a few studies comparing HD and PD have been conducted in China, which has the largest number of dialysis patients in the world.Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on ESRD patients who began renal replacement treatment from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2017 in Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine. Propensity scoring match was applied to balance the baseline conditions and multivariate Cox regression analysis to compare the mortality between HD and PD patients, and evaluated the correlation between mortality and various baseline characteristics.Results: A total of 436 HD patients and 501 PD patients were included in this study, and PD patients had better survival than HD patients, but the difference was not statistically significant. For younger ESRD patients (≤60-year-old), the overall survival of PD was better than that of HD, but HD was associated with a lower risk of death in older patients (>70-year-old). This difference was still significant after adjustment for a variety of confounding factors. Female gender, age at dialysis initiation, cardiovascular disease, cholesterol, and HD were risk factors of all-cause mortality in the younger subgroup, while PD was risk factor in the older subgroup.Conclusion: PD may be a better choice for younger ESRD patients, and HD for the older patients.

Background Up to date, whether hemodialysis (HD) or peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a better choice for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients has been debatable. Few study comparing HD and PD was from China, a large country with the largest number of dialysis patients in the world. Method A retrospective cohort study was conducted on ESRD patients who began renal replace treatment from January 1st, 2012 and December 31st, 2017 in Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine. We used propensity scoring match model to balance the baseline conditions and Cox's multivariate regression analysis to compare mortality between HD and PD patients, and evaluated the relationship between mortality and various baseline covariates. Results 436 HD patients and 501 PD patients were included and we found that PD patients had better survival than HD patients (The 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rates were 98.1% vs 96.4%, 86.7% vs 83.0%, and 73.4% vs 71.9%), even though the difference was not statistically significant. For younger ESRD patients (<=60 years old), the overall survival of PD was better than that of HD, but HD was associated with lower risk of death in the patients who were older than 70 years of age. This difference was still significant after adjustment for a variety of confounding factors. Female, cardiovascular disease, cholesterol, and HD are risk factors of all-cause mortality in the younger subgroup while PD is risk factor in the older subgroup. Conclusion Younger ESRD patients may be more suitable for PD, and the elderly for HD.