We compare multifocal intraocular lenses (MFIOLs) to monofocal IOLs for visual acuity (VA), contrast sensitivity, and adverse events using data from 21 randomized controlled trials with 2951 subjects. There was no statistical difference between uncorrected distance VA and corrected distance VA. Compared with monofocal IOLs, MFIOLs showed a better performance on uncorrected intermediate VA measured at 60 cm and uncorrected near VA; the mean differences were-0.06 (95% confidence interval [

Accurate and continuous measurements of soil thermal and hydraulic propertiesare required for environmental, Earth and planetary science, and engineering applications, but they are not practicallyobtained by steady-state methods. The heat pulse (HP) method is a transient method for determinationof soil thermal properties and a wide range of other physical properties in laboratory and field conditions. The HP method is based on the line-heat source solution of the radial heat flow equation. This literature review begins with a discussion of the evolution of the HP method and related applications, followed by the principal theories, data interpretation methods and their differences. Important factors for HP probe construction are presented. The properties determined in unfrozen and frozen soilsare discussed, followed by a discussion of limitations and perspectives for the application of this method. The paper closes with a brief overview of future needs and opportunities for further development and application of the HP method.Keywords thermal properties, thermal conductivity, thermal resistivity, heat capacity, thermal diffusivity, thermal inertia, dual probe heat pulse, thermal probe, hot-wire method, fiber optics, distributed temperature sensing (DTS), thermo-time/frequency domain reflectometry (thermo-TDR, thermo-FDR), soilwater content, ice content, frozen soils, instrumentation DisciplinesAgricultural Science | Agriculture | Hydrology | Soil Science Comments This is a manuscript of an article published as He, Hailong, Miles F. Dyck, Robert Horton, Tusheng Ren, Keith L. Bristow, Jialong Lv, and Bingcheng Si. "Development and application of the heat pulse method for soil physical measurements." Reviews of Geophysics (2018) This article has been accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as doi: 10.1029/2017RG000584 © 2018 American Geophysical Union. All rights reserved.Development and application of the heat pulse method for soil physical properties in laboratory and field conditions. The HP method is based on the line-heat source solution of the radial heat flow equation. This literature review begins with a discussion of the evolution of the HP method and related applications, followed by the principal theories, data interpretation methods and their differences. Important factors for HP probe construction are presented. The properties determined in unfrozen and frozen soilsare discussed, followed by a discussion of limitations and perspectives for the application of this method. The paper closes with a brief overview of future needs and opportunities for further development and application of the HP method.

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The me domain refl ectometry (TDR)-measured eff ec ve permi vity in frozen soil condi ons is aff ected by many complex factors including bound water eff ects on soil water permi vity, phase changes, soil microstructure and rela ve posi ons of soil cons tuents with respect to each other. The objec ve of this study was to improve understanding of some of the factors aff ec ng the eff ec ve permi vity of frozen soils through the use of dielectric mixing models. Published datasets and frozen and unfrozen soil data measured on western Canadian soils were inves gated with mul phase discrete and confocal ellipsoid models available in the literature. The results revealed that adjus ng model parameters allowed the mixing models to describe the frozen soil permi vity equally well when bound water eff ects and temperature-dependent water permi vity eff ects were included or not included. Measurement of freezing and thawing curves on western Canadian soils showed signifi cant hysteresis and some mechanisms for this observed hysteresis and its infl uence on the interpreta on of published datasets are discussed. When independent measurements of liquid water, ice and eff ec ve permi vity are available, it is possible to fi nd one set of model parameters that reasonably predict eff ec ve permi vity for both frozen and unfrozen condi ons. In frozen soils the predic ve capability of the models is constrained to scenarios where the ini al water content prior to freezing (i.e., the total water content) in the sampling volume is constant.