Background World Health Organization (WHO) predicted that there will be a shortfall of skilled healthcare by 2035 with the greatest shortfall in Africa and Southeast Asia due to satisfaction with payment and incentives. Low job satisfaction of health workers can result in increased staff turnover and absenteeism, which affects the efficiency of health services. Ethiopia has been affected by a shortage of health professionals due to a brain drain of health professionals. Our study, therefore, aimed at assessing the impact of the working environment and benefits packages on the level of satisfaction among health professionals working in selected public Health facilities in Eastern Ethiopia. Methods Institutional based Cross-sectional study design was conducted among 422 selected health professionals in Bale Zone Public Health Facilities. After selecting 2 hospitals and 32 health centers by lottery method, proportional allocation of the sample was done for selected Hospitals and Health Centers. Then, to select individual health professional from each health center and hospital, a systematic sampling method was employed using the worker’s registration log book. Then, data were collected, cleaned and entered into EpiData software version 3.1 and then exported to IBM SPSS version 21 for analysis. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were done. The principal component analysis was employed for all Likert scale instruments to extract factor(s) representing each of the scales and have factor scores, which facilitate treatment of the variables as continuous during further analysis. Using this regression factor score, multiple linear regression analysis was performed and the effect of independent variables on the regression factor score of the outcome variable was quantified. A significance level of less than 0.05 was used in all cases to judge statistical significance. Result This study showed that the prevalence of job satisfaction of health professionals was 38.5% (95%CI: 33.82–43.2%). Age of health professionals ((β = 0.252, (95% CI: 0.067, 0.437))), type of health facility (β = − 0.280, (95% CI; − 0.519, − 0.041), service year (β = 0.487, (95%CI: 0.025, 0.998)), supply they need to do their job (β = 0.10, (95% CI: 0.009 to 0.19)), perception of health professional on allowances (β = − 0.216, (95% CI: − 0.306, − 0.125)) and perception of health professionals on employment benefits (β = 0.225, (95% CI: 0.135 to 0.315)) were statistically significant that affect job satisfaction factor score. Conclusion level of job satisfaction of health professionals was found to be low. Level of job satisfaction was influenced by the age of the health professionals, type of health facility in which they were working, years of service they had in the health sectors, their working environment, professional allowance and benefits like financial rewards and benefits of being employed. Hence, policy makers and health managers need...

Background Diabetes mellitus remains the leading cause of end stage renal disease in most countries in the world. In Ethiopia, renal complications of diabetes may remain unrecognized due to limited diagnostic resources. As a result, the studies that shows the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its risk factors among adult diabetics in Ethiopia are flimsy. Hence, this study was aimed at assessing the prevalence of chronic kidney disease and associated factors among diabetic patients who attended federal police hospital diabetic clinic in Addis Ababa. Methods Hospital based cross sectional study was conducted among 362 Diabetes Mellitus patients using systematic sampling method. Chronic kidney disease stage was categorized according to the classification system established by the National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease out comes Quality Initiative and defined by Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) <60ml/min/1.73m2. Analysis was performed using SPSS. The prevalence estimates for the reduced GFR and overall chronic kidney disease were obtained. Binary logistic regression was used to see associated factors with chronic kidney disease. Results The prevalence of chronic kidney disease diagnosed by Cockroft-Gault equation and Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation was 14.6% and 7.7% respectively. Age 50-59 years (AOR= 4.0; 95% CI:1.2, 13) by Cockroft-Gault equation (CG), age 60-69 years (AOR=5.8 95%CI:1.5,21.0) by Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) and (AOR;22.9 95%CI:7.1,74.2) by CG, age 70 years and above (AOR=4.7; 95 CI: 1.1, 19.7) by MDRD and (AOR= 22.9; 95%CI:7.1,74.2) by CG, BMI (AOR=2.2; 95% CI:1.6, 4.2) by CG, and previous kidney disease (AOR=6.2 95%CI:2.0,8.4) by MDRD and (AOR;4.6 95%CI:1.9,10.8) C-G equation were found to have a significant association with chronic kidney disease after an adjustment done using multivariate analysis. Conclusion The prevalence of chronic kidney disease among Diabetic patients in this study was high. Age, BMI and previous recurrent kidney disease were associated with Chronic Kidney Disease. Preventive measures like giving health education and screening of patients with risk factors should get more attention.

Background: Diarrheal disease is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in children under five years of age in low and middle-income countries. Lack of improved sanitation is the most important contributing factor to diarrheal disease. Promotion of water, sanitation, and hygiene technologies combined with hygiene promotion is a key strategy for reducing diarrheal diseases in resource poor settings. Few studies have been conducted in rural areas of low-income countries where Community-Led Total Sanitation and Hygiene intervention is implemented. To our knowledge, no study was conducted in the study area to evaluate the effect of this intervention. This study was designed with the aim of finding the effects of Community-led Total Sanitation and Hygiene implementation for preventing diarrhea among under-five children.Methods: A community-based Quasi-Experimental study was conducted from March 01- April 10, 2019 in Kersa and Manna districts. Community-led Total Sanitation and Hygiene intervention is being implemented in Kersa district since 2005 Ethiopian calendar. Sample of 846 households were selected from intervention and comparison districts using four-stage random cluster-sampling method. Semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Data was collected by 8 data collectors who attended secondary school. Data was cleaned, coded and entered into Epi data entry version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Difference-in Difference method with McNemar’s tests was used to compare the prevalence of diarrhea between the intervention and comparison districts, and significance of change between the pre-test and post-test was declared at p-value of less than 0.05 with 95% confidence interval.Results: The intervention led to decreased diarrhea prevalence [pp = -8.2, 95% CI: -15.9, -0.5], increased latrine ownership [pp = 5.6, 95% CI: 0.5, 10.8], and increased latrine utilization [pp = 10.7, 95% CI: 4.7, 16.6] in intervention district at post-test compared to the baseline; while presence of hand washing facility near latrine, home based water treatment, and proper water storage and handling practice were decreased at post-test compared to the baseline.Conclusion: Implementation of Community-Led Total Sanitation improved sanitation and hygiene status of community that resulted in reduction of diarrhea prevalence in children less than five years of age. Further implementation, evaluation, and scale-up of the intervention is needed to reduce diarrheal disease in children less than five years of age.

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