Three amino acid loop extension homeodomain transcription factors (TALE HD TFs) act as life cycle regulators in green algae and land plants. In mosses these regulators are required for the deployment of the sporophyte developmental program. We demonstrate that mutations in either of two TALE HD TF genes, OUROBOROS or SAMSARA, in the brown alga Ectocarpus result in conversion of the sporophyte generation into a gametophyte. The OUROBOROS and SAMSARA proteins heterodimerise in a similar manner to TALE HD TF life cycle regulators in the green lineage. These observations demonstrate that TALE-HD-TF-based life cycle regulation systems have an extremely ancient origin, and that these systems have been independently recruited to regulate sporophyte developmental programs in at least two different complex multicellular eukaryotic supergroups, Archaeplastida and Chromalveolata.

We investigated the effect of sense of status on undergraduate students' international entrepreneurial intention as well as the possible influences of risk propensity and having a global mindset on this relationship. Data were collected by surveying 265 students at 19 universities in Eastern China. As hypothesized, sense of status was positively related to the students' international entrepreneurial intention, and this relationship was mediated by risk propensity. Further, having a global mindset moderated the mediating effect of risk propensity on the relationship between sense of status and international entrepreneurial intention. This study demonstrates the value to international business study of examining the previously neglected association between sense of status and international entrepreneurial intention among undergraduates in China, as well as how risk propensity may influence international entrepreneurial intention.