Objective: This study was to investigate the effect of analog rice (AR) on glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and insulin serum levels, glucose transporter-2 (GLUT-2) expression, and fasting blood glucose (FBG) level in diabetic rats. Methods: Fifty male Wistar rats divided into the control group (n=10) and the experimental group. High-fat diet and streptozotocin were administered in experimental groups, which then divided into four equal groups (n=10, each) (negative control group, rice group, AR1 and AR2 group, given standard pellet, rice pellet, AR1 and AR2 pellet, respectively, for 6 weeks). GLP-1 and insulin serum levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression of GLUT-2 and the number of pancreatic β-cells observed using an immunohistochemistry method. Results: FBG levels in the AR1 and AR2 groups decreased, while the rice group remained. GLP-1 serum levels of the negative control and rice groups were not significantly different from the control group, while the AR1 and AR2 groups higher than the control group (p≤0.05). All the treatment groups had insulin serum levels significantly lower than control group (p≤0.05), except the AR1 group. The expression of GLUT-2 and the number of pancreatic β-cells in the treatment groups were less than the control group, but between treatment groups were not significantly different. Conclusion: AR significantly effective in reducing FBG level in diabetic rats through stimulation of increased GLP-1 and insulin serum levels serum levels but AR did not affect on the expression of GLUT-2.

Background: Macronutrients have been studied with regard to their relationship with blood glucose, but only a few have examined blood glucose relationship with micronutrients. Consumption of both macro and micronutrients that are right on target can help improve metabolic control, optimize treatment, and reduce the risk of further complications of Diabetes Mellitus (DM). Objectives: To determine whether or not there is a relationship between micronutrient intake and fasting blood glucose (FBG)levels of DM type 2 patients in Jember. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with 80 samples of type 2 DM patients in Jember by using the consecutive proportionate sampling technique from three hospitals. Measurement of micronutrient intake using the “24-hour food recall” questionnaire, conducted three times, while FBG data were obtained secondary from the patient’s medical record. Results:Statistical analysis using the Spearman rho correlation test showed that there was no significant relationship between each intake of micronutrients with FBG levels (p>0.05). Conclusion: The amount of micronutrient intake did not have a significant relationship with the level of FBG in this study. Nevertheless, DM patients still need to pay attention to both macro and micronutrient intake to maintain regulated blood glucose levels.

Objective: This research aims to determine the correlation between maternal age during pregnancy, low birth weight (LBW), prematurity, and history of hormonal drugs used in the first trimester of pregnancy with the occurrence of hypospadias. Material & Methods: This research is an observational analytic research with case control design. The sample in this study were 50 samples that consisting of 25 patients with hypospadias and 25 patients without hypospadias at Bina Sehat Jember Hospital, Paru Jember Hospital, and Bhayangkara Bondowoso Hospital. After determined every case and control group, data acquired retrospectively by traced the hypospadias risk factors (maternal age at pregnancy, LBW, prematurity, and history of hormonal drugs using in the first trimester of pregnancy) by interviewing the patient's mother. The data of this research were analyzed by bivariate and multivariate using SPSS 16.0. Bivariate analysis in this study used chi-square Yates correction (chi-square with continuity correction) and fisher's exact test, whereas multivariate analysis used logistic regression techniques with significance p-value<0.05. Results: The result of bivariate analysis in this study showed that variable maternal age during pregnancy more than 35 years (p = 0.667) has no correlation with occurrence of hypospadias, while variable of LBW (p = 0.027), prematurity (p = 0.041), and the history of hormonal drug use in the first trimester of pregnancy (p = 0.049) have a correlation with the occurrence of hypospadias. Conclusion: In this study, there was a significant correlation between LBW, prematurity, and history of hormonal drugs using in the first trimester of pregnancy with the occurrence of hypospadias. This study did not show a significant correlation between maternal age during pregnancy with the occurrence of hypospadias.