Abstrak. Aktivitas dan perilaku sosial masyarakat dibulan

<p><em>Gene of C/EBPα is a gene associated with lipid composition and distribution, the gene therefore contributes in enhancing of meat quality. There is no information of sequence variations of C/EBPα gene investigation in local and exotic beef cattle in Indonesia. This research was aimed to detect the presence of sequence variations of C/EBPα gene in local beef and exotic cattle. Twelve samples were used in this study such as Bali cattle (2), Ongole grade (2), Pasundan (2), Friesian Holstein (1), Angus (1), Simmental (2), Limousin (1) and Banteng (1). Several steps of the research were DNA extraction and quantification, </em><em>amplification (PCR)</em><em>, electrophoresis, sequencing and sequence analysis of C/EBPα gene. DNA was collected either from blood or hair bulbs.  Determination of homolog bases of C/EBPα gene was based on BLAST result while base sequence variation was analyzed by using MEGA 6. The result showed that all cattle samples were confirmed bearing the C/EBPα gene that amplified along of 1,339 bp. and annealing temperature of 54°C. It was obtained three nucleotide variations at the position of 870 (G→A), 931 (A→G) and 1196 (G→A) only found in Bali cattle and Banteng, but there were no nucleotide variations in the local beef cattle, exotic cattle and the sequence reference of Bos taurus (Japanese Black/Acc No. DQ068270.1; Hanwoo/Acc No. D82984.1; Qinchuan/Acc No. NM_176784.2). Those nucleotide variations caused changing of amino acid of</em><em> Alanine to Threonine at 931 and Asparagine to Serine at 1196</em><em>.</em><em> Mutation at position 271 changed nucleotide Cytosine to Adenine (C271A) that found in PO and Simmental cattle. Further research is needed to confirm the changing of amino acid of </em><em>C/EBPα gene in Bali cattle might affect to meat quality.</em><em></em></p>

ABSTRACT Depression is a mental illness that has increased from 2005 to the present. Depression can be treated with the consumption of antidepressant synthetic drugs, however, has side effects dependence. The aim of this study was to make a herbal antidepressant formula from zalacca seeds and orange peel as an alternative to synthetic antidepressants. The method used is the Tail Suspension Test (TST) to animal’s model of depression. Forced Swimming Test (FST) is used to view immobility time (IMT) as an evaluation of the depression level. There were five mixed formulas (the combination of salak seeds and orange peel) that dissolved in water (450C) and were administrated orally on mice. The antioxidant test was carried out on five formulas and a urine chemical characterization test in all treatment groups. The result showed that all formulas were significantly different (p<0.05) was compared to pain controls (depression). There were four formulas that were not significantly different (p>0.05) and one formula was significantly different (p<0.05) compared to the synthetic antidepressant. The formula blend still contains quite antioxidants. The chemical characterization of urine showed normal values in all treatment groups. The conclusion is that the formula tested has the potential to be an herbal antidepressant formula.   Keywords: antidepressant herbs, FST,  orange peel, TST, zalacca seeds     ABSTRAK Depresi merupakan penyakit mental yang mengalami peningkatan sejak 2005 hinga saat ini. Depresi dapat diatasi dengan konsumsi obat antidepresan sintetis, namun memiliki efek ketergantungan. Diperlukan antidepresan herbal yang lebih aman. Tujuan penelitian adalah membuat formula antidepresan kombinasi biji salak dan kulit jeruk. Metode TST digunakan untuk membuat model hewan depresi. Forced Swimming Test (FST) digunakan untuk melihat immobility time (IMT) sebagai evaluasi terhadap depresi. Lima formula kombinasi (biji salak dan kulit jeruk) dilarutkan dalam air (450C) diberikan secara oral pada mencit. Total 40 ekor mencit jantan dibagi delapan kelompok perlakuan (P0–P7) dan diamati nilai IMTnya. Hasil uji FST menunjukkan lima formula antidepresan memiliki nilai IMT lebih rendah (p<0,05) dibandingkan dengan P2 (kontrol depresi). Dilakukan uji antioksidan pada lima formula (P3–P7) serta karakterisasi kimia urin pada semua kelompok perlakuan untuk mengetahui keamanan dari formula antidepresan. Terdapat empat formula yang tidak berbeda nyata (p>0,05) dan satu formula (P6) berbeda nyata (p<0,05) dengan obat antidepresan sintetis (P1). Semua formula terdeteksi memiliki kadar antioksidan secara kualitatif. Karakterisasi kimia urin menunjukan nilai normal dan tidak ada perbedaan nyata (p>0,05) pada semua kelompok perlakuan. Dengan demikian formula kombinasi biji salak dan kulit jeruk berpotensi sebagai formula herbal antidepresan.   Kata kunci: biji salak, FST, herbal antidepresan, kulit jeruk, TST

Liver damage can produce fibrosis condition both acute and chronic. Development of liver fibrosis in animal models is valuable information in order to gain new entities for treatment. The aim of this study is to get an optimal condition of CCl4 induction for achieving animal models of liver fibrosis. CCl4 diluted in coconut oil was administrated orally for 6 consecutive weeks. Total 25 male rats were divided into 5 treatment groups, namely, P1 was a normal group (without CCl4). P2 (CCl4 40%), 1 ml/kg bw 3 times a week. P3 (CCl4 40%), 0.5 ml/kg bw 3 times a week, P4 (CCl4 10%) 1 ml/kg bw 3 times a week, and P5 (CCl4 10%) 1 ml/kg bw twice a week. The analyzed parameters were the activity of liver enzymes, macro and microscopic liver damage, and the percentage of rat deaths. The results of this study indicated an increase in liver enzymes in all treatments which was higher than P1 (P<0.05). Analysis of liver histopathology exhibeted the same result. However, if viewed the percentage of rat deaths, P5 demonstrated the lowest compared to all treatment groups. It could be concluded  that the administration of CCl4 (10%) was able to create an animal model of liver fibrosis optimally.