Onychomycosis in childhood is reported to be unusual. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of onychomycosis in primary school children and to make comparison between different socioeconomic status in the rural and urban areas of the city. Hand and foot nails of 23235 children aged 7-14 were examined. Onychomycosis was suspected and nail scrapings for mycological examination were taken in 116 of them. Hyphae or spores were seen in 41 (0.18%) by direct microscopic examination, and mycological cultures were positive in 24 (0.1%) of them. Toenails were affected in all of the fungal culture positive cases. Trichosporon spp, Trichophyton rubrum, Candida albicans and Candida glabrata grew in 11, 6, 5 and 2 of the cultures respectively. Onychomycosis prevalence was significantly higher in the children living in the rural areas (p = 0.016) [Odds ratio = 3.43 (%95 CI 1.11

IntroductionThis study aimed to measure socioeconomic inequalities in Self Assessed Health (SAH) and evaluate the determinants of such inequalities in terms of their contributions amongst the Turkish population.MethodsWe used data from the Turkish part of World Health Survey 2003 with 10,287 respondents over 18 years old. Concentration index (CI) of SAH was calculated as a measure of socioeconomic inequalities in health, and contributions of each determinant to inequality were evaluated using a decomposition method.ResultsIn total 952 participants (9.3%) rated their health status as either bad or very bad. The CI for SAH was −0.15, suggesting that suboptimal SAH was reported more by those categorised as poor. The multiple logistic regression results indicated that having secondary, primary or less than primary school education, not being married and being in the lowest wealth quintile, significantly increased the risk of having poor SAH. The largest contributions to inequality were attributed to education level (70.7%), household economic status (9.7%) and geographical area lived in (8.4%).ConclusionThe findings indicate that socioeconomic inequalities measured by SAH are apparent amongst the Turkish population. Education and household wealth were the greatest contributing factors to SAH inequality. These inequalities need to be explicitly addressed and vulnerable subgroups should be targeted to reduce the socioeconomic disparities.

To reduce pressure-related injuries resulting from pneumatic tourniquet use, the lowest possible inflation pressure is recommended. Arterial occlusion pressure (AOP) is a measure of the cuff pressure required to maintain a bloodless surgical field. However, its determination method is time consuming, requires operator skill, and is therefore seldom used in current practice. An AOP estimation can be made by knowing the pressure transmitted to the underlying soft tissues. We measured upper and lower extremity tissue pressures under the tourniquet cuff at 100, 200, and 300 mm Hg of tourniquet inflation pressures in 30 anesthetized living adult patients. All patients received general anesthesia with neuromuscular relaxation. A Stryker intra-compartmental pressure monitor was used to measure tissue pressures under the tourniquet cuff. In all patients, the soft tissue pressures were consistently lower than the applied tourniquet inflation pressures. Our results revealed tissue padding coefficients for extremities 20 to 75 cm in circumferences. An estimation method of AOP was developed [AOP = (systolic blood pressure + 10)/Tissue padding coefficient]. The new AOP estimation method may be a simple, rapid, and clinically practical alternative to the AOP determination method.

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The project is unique for being the first community-based cohort on CVD risk factors in a Turkish setting. This project will have a valuable contribution on not only determining CVD risks, but also incorporating interventions for prevention.