This study was carried out on 'Cardinal' peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) between 2003 and 2005 in Bornova, in Izmir, Turkey to study the effects of irrigation, gibberellic acid (GA 3 ) and nitrogen (urea) on the physiological disorders split or shattered pit, double fruit and fruit quality. Irrigation treatments that were tested included 100% (no water stress) and 20% (water stress) replenishment of water depleted from the 100% replenishment treatment at 60 cm soil profile at 10-day intervals. GA 3 and nitrogen (urea) were applied to trees during the flower bud differentiation period at doses of 100 mg L(1 and 900 mg L(1 , respectively. Irrigation, nitrogen and gibberellic acid exerted a significant influence on fruit disorders and quality of peach cv. 'Cardinal'. Although the rate of double fruit was increased by water stress, GA 3 and nitrogen application decreased it. Irrigation (100%) during the final swell phase of fruit development accelerated the occurrence of split and shattered pit. Application of nitrogen and gibberellic acid or both to the trees with no water stress resulted in the lowest number of fruits with physiological disorders. Fruit quality characteristics, except for titratable acidity, were not significantly altered by the treatments.

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The influence of different irrigation conditions on flower bud development of the sweet cherry cv. '0900 Ziraat' was studied using scanning electron microscopy. Flower bud development was compared in three irrigation treatments. Control trees (I 100 ) were irrigated at approximately 100% ET. Stress treatments received 50% (I 50 ) and 20% (I 20 ) of the water applied to the control. The rate of flower bud initiation at the stage of differentiation of sepal, petal, stamen and pistil primordia was considerably slower at I 20 as compared to the more irrigated treatments. Also, when water was not provided in the next year, flower bud initiation and differentiation was delayed. These results suggested that the lower the irrigation, the slower the progression of flower differentiation.

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Despite relatively intensive work on the development of inflorescence primordia during grapevine growth in season one, some informational gaps are present in the flower and floral organ development in the season two. In addition, concurrents events of phenology and formation of flowers and floral parts has not been dealt with. With the aid of digital imaging, this research had three objectives; a) describe the developmental events that take place during and after bud break in the buds and in the individual flowers in terms of differentiation, b) match these events with phenological stages, and c) determine size-related growth of the floral organs. After careful dissecting and examination of the samples under microscopy, taken ever 5-10 days between March 20 and May 10 in 2016, the results indicated that highly esteemed works regarding the reproductive anatomy of grapevines needed some additional stages to fully describe events in the stamen and pistil primordia after the appearance of petal primordia. Five intermediate stages were added to the stages of “formation of flowers”. Differentiation of inflorescence and individual flowers occurred in the second season as the buds swelled in the spring. Stamens and pistil could be seen about 3 weeks later and completed their initial growth in another 3 weeks. Flower primordia was visible on April 1 and showed a more than 9-fold increase over the course of 5 to 6 weeks. flowers increased their width and their length more than 9- and 15-fold, respectively, between stage 8.1 (April 1) and 10.3 (May 10). At first, they were wider than they were longer, but at later stages they grew longitudinally. Reproductive organ primordia were visualized around the time of 2-4 leaves separated on the shoots. Signs of generative parts become apparent in late April. Anthers were the smallest in the flower. Filaments, on the other hand, elongated almost 7-fold in a period of 20 days. Gynoecium growth was the most impressive and total pistil length increased from 52.8 to 162 μm, ovary width from 40.4 to 99.8 μm, and stigma diameter from 9.96 to 44.9 μm in twenty days. By the time the pistil took its final shape, 6-8 leaves grew on the shoot during which inflorescence could also be seen.