VEGF expression has an importance within CTS pathogenesis. Increased ischemia-reperfusion damage, neoangiogenesis, and VEGF expression has an important role frequently CTS occurrence in diabetic patients. Our study supports enhancement in VEGF expression similar to changes in diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy in the neovascularization within the subsynovial connective tissue in the cases of diabetes.

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A 53-year-old female patient admitted to the urology clinic with left flank pain without renal colic or macroscopic haematuria. No mass was detected on bimanual examination on left costovertebral triangle. Abdominal CT scan showed decreased renal parenchymal thickness of upper pole of the left kidney. Complex cystic mass with coarse calcifications and pathological contrast involvement, and a mass of 4x3 cm in size was detected on lateral aspect of the upper pole of the left kidney (Bosniak category III) [ As the presented lesion was located away from the collecting system and vascular structures, open nephron sparing surgery was performed successfully. On gross pathological examination the specimen was 4x4x1 cm in size and macroscopically encapsulated. ABSTRACTMulticystic nephroma (MCN) is relatively a rare, nongenetic and benign lesion of the kidney which has a bimodal distribution. The congenital form is commonly seen under the age of 2. Adult-onset MCN is more often seen in women, especially in post menopausal females. The aetiopathogenesis of MCN is still unknown. Ovarian-like stroma of the tumour indicates the tumour originates from the mullerian tissue of the kidney. Hormonal theory is suggestive as the stroma of the tumour is positive for estrogen and progesteron. Preoperative diagnosis of MCN is difficult. Surgical approach is recommended both for the histological diagnosis and the treatment of the disease. We here present a 53-year-old female patient with MCN admitted to the urology clinic with left flank pain treated successfully with partial nephrectomy. No recurrence was noted after six months of clinical and radiological follow-up.On cut section, multicystic white lesion with calcified areas was seen [Table/ Fig-1f]. The content of the cysts was serum-like and lucid. No macroscopic haemorrhage and necrosis was seen in the specimen. Microscopically, the specimen showed enlarged cystic structures. Cysts were lined with flattened epithelial cells arranged in a single row and had a hobnail appearance. They were surrounded by the cellular and fibroblastic stroma, histologically similar to ovarian stroma and the homogenous and eosinophilic areas resembling to corpus luteum. Enlarged tubules were surrounded by mature adipocytes and calcified areas. No blastemal cells or immature epithelial elements were seen. No epithelial cells with clear cytoplasm were seen. Both ovarian like stroma and corpus luteum like areas were positive for estrogen receptor (ER) and negative for progesterone receptor (PR). They were also positive for cytoceratine (CK19), epithelial membranous antigen (EMA) and CD15 and negative for CD10 [

A 21-year-old female patient with left hip pain, ongoing for 5-6 months and painful swelling in the left buttock, was admitted to hospital. No other symptoms, including muscle atrophy, weakness and functional limitation were noted. On examination, a partially mobile subcutaneous mass was observed in the left hip. An informed consent was taken for the surgical procedure and the patient was operated immediately. The mass was removed in toto, under local anaesthesia. On macroscopic examination, a 2x1,5x1,5cm nonencapsulated mass was noted. On microscopic examination, a non-encapsulated lesion from the reticular dermis extending into the subcutaneous fat tissue was observed. Enlarged nerve branches formed tortuous masses within delicate musinous stroma in the lesion. These nerve branches involved long cells with wavy dark nucleus. The cells were intertwined. In these cells, changes such as nuclear atypia and an increased number of mitotic activity that may be associated with malignancy, were not observed.On the immunohistochemical examination, the cells within the nerve fascicles were positive for S100. Based on these findings, the lesion was diagnosed as Plexiform Neurofibroma. Plexiform Neurofibromas are common lesions in NF1. For this reason, the patient was recalled for a complete clinical examination. It was noted that the patient's father had NF1. On physical examination, two cafe-au-lait macules on the forearm, approx 20mm in diameter, were noted. Lisch nodules in both eyes were noted. National Institute of Health diagnostic criteria for NF1 (1997) was used and the patient was diagnosed with NF1. It was noted that the patient had been suffering from left-hip pain even after excision of the subcutaneous mass. Thus an MRI of the lumbar and lower abdomen revealed a second mass in the left half of the pelvis-in the left-midline pushing the left ovary to the inferior.In lumbar spinal MRI, heterogeneous presacral mass was seen in the sagittal sections. In pelvic MRI, presacral partially enhancing mass was seen respectively in transverse, sagittal and coronal sections. The mass extend till S2 neural foramen [Table/ Fig-1a-d].A surgery was planned and it was found that the mass originated in sacral roots. The mass was totally excised. It measured 6x5x4.5cm, ABSTRACTMalignant nerve sheath tumours (MPNST) are rare neoplasias and retroperitoneal cases are fairly rare and clinically difficult to be detected, but they are very agressive neoplasias. MPNST are frequently seen in head, neck and upper extremities. In patients with NF1; MPNST, a poor-prognostic lesion, may result from a malignant degeneration of a former plexiform neurofibroma. It is necessary to be aware of a potential malignancy in patients diagnosed with plexiform neurofibroma.We present a 21-year-old female with a diagnosis of MPNST. The patient was admited to the hospital because of a tumour in the subcutaneous region on her left buttock. The surgeon's clinical diagnosis was lipoma. After the pathological examination of biopsy specimen, the lesion was id...

Glomus tumours are benign lesions which are frequently seen on hand (particularly subungual region). In this report a 52-year-old male patient with glomangiomyoma on the left forearm has been presented. With a preliminary diagnosis of haemangioma, a subcutaneous well-circumscribed nodular lesion of the patient was excised. On histomorphological examination glomus cells, vascular structures and spindle-shaped smooth muscle cells were seen around it. Immunohistochemistry of smooth muscle cells and glomus cells showed positivity for smooth muscle actin. By means of these findings, the patient was diagnosed with glomangiomyoma. Glomus tumours are rare in the forearm (In the literatüre there are two cases). Moreover, glomangiomyomas are the least common histomorphological type of glomus tumour and are generally seen in the lower extremity. In the literature, a few cases of glomangioma and solitary glomus tumour has been described on the forearm histologically and only a few glomangiomyoma cases on forearm location. We have presented the glomangiomyoma on the forearm as a rarely-seen case. Early diagnosis of the glomangiomyoma on the forearm is of importance for the prevention of morbidity.