In the light-front formulation of field theory, it is possible to write down a chirally invariant mass term. It thus appears as if one could solve the species doubling problem on a lightfront quantized transverse lattice in a chirally invariant way. However, upon introducing link fields and after renormalizing, one finds exactly the same LF Hamiltonian as if one had started from the standard Wilson action in the first place. The (light-front) chirally invariant transverse lattice regularization is thus not chirally invariant in the conventional sense. As an application of the Wilson formulation for fermions on a ⊥ lattice, we calculate spectrum, distribution functions and distribution amplitudes for mesons below 2GeV in a truncated Fock space.

Here, we introduce the first experimental proof of coherent oscillation and coupling of photoswitchable molecules embedded randomly in a polymeric matrix and acting cooperatively upon illumination with UV light. In particular, we demonstrate the specular reflection and Brewster phenomenon alteration of photochromic molecular dipole antennas. We successfully demonstrate the concept of Brewster wavelength, which is based on the dipolar interaction between radiating dipoles and the surrounding matrix possessing a net dipole moment, as a key tool for highly localized sensing of matrix polarity. We also introduce the concept of 'tailored molecular photonic coupling' while highlighting the role of interferences for the design of optically active media by adjusting the photonic response of the medium with the real and imaginary refractive index of photoswitchable molecules in the 'ON' state. Our results enhance our fundamental understanding of coherent dipole radiation and open a new vein of research based on glassy disordered dipolar composites that act as macroscopic antenna with cooperative action; furthermore, these results have important implications for new design rules of tailored photonics.

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An optically driven metamaterial with a photoswitchable weak and strong molecular‐plasmonic coupling is demonstrated. In this active perfect absorber, the absorption band can be broadened more than 150 nm (split with an energy difference of 780 meV) by UV irradiation, which demonstrates a new class of optically tunable metamaterial absorber for visible frequencies.

There are numerous maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms for improving the energy efficiency of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. The main differences between these algorithms are digital or analog implementation, simplicity of the design, sensor requirements, convergence speed, range of effectiveness, as well as hardware costs. Therefore, choosing the right algorithm is very important to the users, because it affects the electrical efficiency of PV system and reduces the costs by decreasing the number of solar panels needed to get the desired power. This paper provides the comparison of 62 different techniques used in tracking the maximum power based on literature survey. This paper is intended to be a reference for PV systems users.