BackgroundSuccessful treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is essential to reduce tuberculosis (TB) incidence rates in low-burden countries. This study measures treatment completion and determinants of non-completion of LTBI treatment in Norway in 2016.MethodsThis prospective cohort study included all individuals notified with LTBI treatment to the Norwegian Surveillance System for Infectious Diseases (MSIS) in 2016. We obtained data from MSIS and from a standardized form that was sent to health care providers at the time of patient notification to MSIS. We determined completion rates. Pearson’s chi squared test was used to study associations between pairs of categorical variables and separate crude and multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with treatment completion and adverse drug effects.ResultsWe obtained information on treatment completion from 719 of the 726 individuals notified for LTBI treatment in 2016. Overall, 91% completed treatment. Treatment completion was highest in the foreign-born group [foreign-born, n = 562 (92%) vs Norwegian-born, n = 115 (85%), p = 0.007]. Treatment completion did not differ significantly between prescribed regimens (p = 0.124). Adverse events were the most common reason for incomplete treatment. We found no significant differences in adverse events when comparing weekly rifapentine (3RPH) with three months daily isoniazid and rifampicin (3RH). However, there were significantly fewer adverse events with 3RPH compared to other regimens (p = 0.037). Age over 35 years was significantly associated with adverse events irrespective of regimen (p = 0.024), whereas immunosuppression was not significantly associated with adverse events after adjusting for other variables (p = 0.306). Treatment under direct observation had a significant effect on treatment completion for foreign-born (multivariate Wald p-value = 0.017), but not for Norwegian-born (multivariate Wald p-value = 0.408) individuals.ConclusionsWe report a very high treatment completion rate, especially among individuals from countries with high TB incidence. The follow-up from tuberculosis-coordinators and the frequent use of directly observed treatment probably contributes to this. Few severe adverse events were reported, even with increased age and in individuals that are more susceptible. While these results are promising, issues of cost-effectiveness and targeting treatment to individuals at highest risk of TB are important components of public health impact.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-018-3468-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Objectives: To evaluate the performance of selected host immunological biomarkers in differentiating tuberculosis (TB) disease from latent TB infection (LTBI) in HIV uninfected and infected individuals enrolled in TB low-burden countries. Design: Participants with TB disease ( N = 85) and LTBI ( N = 150) were recruited from prospective cohorts at hospitals in Norway and Denmark. Plasma concentrations of 54 host markers were assessed by Luminex multiplex immunoassays. Using receiver operator characteristic curves and general discriminant analysis, we determined the abilities of individual and combined biomarkers to discriminate between TB disease and LTBI including when patients were stratified according to HIV infection status. Results: Regardless of the groups compared, CCL1 and IL-2Ra were the most accurate single biomarkers in differentiating TB disease from LTBI. Regardless of HIV status, a 4-marker signature (CCL1 + RANTES + CRP + MIP-1 α) derived from a training set ( n = 155) differentiated TB disease from LTBI in the test set ( n = 67) with a sensitivity of 56.0% (95% CI, 34.9-75.6) and a specificity of 85.7% (95% CI, 71.5-94.6). A 5-marker signature derived from the HIV uninfected group (CCL1 + RANTES + MIP-1 α+ procalcitonin + IP-10) performed in HIV-infected individuals with a sensitivity of 75.0% and a specificity of 96.7% after leave-one-out cross validation. A 2-marker signature (CCL1 + TNF-α) identified in HIVinfected persons performed in HIV-uninfected with a sensitivity and specificity of 66.7% and 100% respectively in the test set. Conclusions: Plasma CCL1 and IL-2Ra have potential as biomarkers for differentiating TB disease from LTBI in low TB burden settings unaffected by HIV infection. Combinations between these and other biomarkers in bio-signatures for global use warrant further exploration.
Hallgeir Tveiten er spesialist i indremedisin og i lungesykdommer og overlege og seksjonsleder ved Lungemedisinsk avdeling ved Oslo universitetssykehus, Ullevål sykehus. Forfatteren har fylt ut ICMJE-skjemaet og oppgir ingen interessekonflikter. PÅL AUKRUST Pål Aukrust er spesialist i indremedisin og i infeksjonssykdommer, overlege og seksjonsleder ved Seksjon for klinisk immunologi og infeksjonsmedisin ved Oslo universitetssykehus, Rikshospitalet, og professor ved Universitetet i Oslo. Forfatteren har fylt ut ICMJE-skjemaet og oppgir ingen interessekonflikter. GUSTAV LEHNE Gustav Lehne er dr.med., spesialist i onkologi og i klinisk farmakologi og overlege ved Seksjon for lymfom og indremedisin ved Oslo universitetssykehus, Radiumhospitalet. Forfatteren har fylt ut ICMJE-skjemaet og oppgir ingen interessekonflikter. JEZABEL R. RODRIGUEZ Jezabel R. Rodriguez er spesialist i radiologi og overlege ved Seksjon for thorax-, kar-og intervensjonsradiologi ved Oslo universitetssykehus, Ullevål. Forfatteren har fylt ut ICMJE-skjemaet og oppgir ingen interessekonflikter. OLE HENNING SKJØNSBERG Ole Henning Skjønsberg er spesialist i indremedisin og i lungesykdommer, overlege og seksjonsleder ved Lungemedisinsk avdeling ved Oslo universitetssykehus, Ullevål sykehus, og professor ved Universitetet i Oslo. Forfatteren har fylt ut ICMJE-skjemaet og oppgir ingen interessekonflikter. Kan hemofagocytisk lymfohistiocytose vaere en faktor ved alvorlig koronavirussykdom?
Lungeinfeksjoner med ikke-tuberkuløse mykobakterier | Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening Lungeinfeksjoner med ikketuberkuløse mykobakterier OVERSIKTSARTIKKEL HALLGEIR TVEITEN E-post: haltve@ous-hf.no Lungemedisinsk avdeling Oslo universitetssykehus, Ullevål Han har bidratt med fullstendig litteratursøk og gjennomgang av litteratur og står for hoveddelen av skriveprosessen og koordineringen. Hallgeir Tveiten er spesialist i indremedisin og i lungemedisin og er overlege. Han er seksjonsleder for Diagnosestasjonen. Forfatter har fylt ut ICMJE-skjemaet og oppgir ingen interessekonflikter. ARNE BROCH BRANTSAETERInfeksjonsmedisinsk avdeling Akuttmedisinsk avdeling Nasjonal behandlingstjeneste for CBRNE-medisin Oslo universitetssykehus, Ullevål Han har bidratt med spesifikk gjennomgang av behandlingsregimer og tilknyttet litteratur samt kontinuerlig tekstredigering. Arne Broch Brantsaeter er spesialist i indremedisin og i infeksjonssykdommer og er overlege. Forfatter har fylt ut ICMJE-skjemaet og oppgir ingen interessekonflikter. ANNE TORUNN MENGSHOELNasjonalt referanselaboratorium for mykobakterier Avdeling for tuberkulose, blod-og seksuell smitte Nasjonalt folkehelseinstitutt Hun har bidratt med spesifikk gjennomgang av mikrobiologi og kontinuerlig tekstredigering. Anne Torunn Mengshoel er spesialist i medisinsk mikrobiologi og overlege. Forfatter har fylt ut ICMJE-skjemaet og oppgir ingen interessekonflikter. BAKGRUNNLungeinfeksjoner med ikke-tuberkuløse mykobakterier påvises jevnlig i klinisk praksis. Diagnostikk og behandling er utfordrende, og internasjonale retningslinjer bygger i stor grad på erfaring og kasuistikker. Temaet er kort og generelt omtalt i Tuberkuloseveilederen, utover det finnes ingen nasjonal behandlingsveileder om temaet. Denne artikkelen sammenfatter den nyeste kunnskapen om emnet, med hovedvekt på diagnostikk og behandling.
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