Let family size N be a random variable formed from two types of children B and C (B + C = N). The correlation coefficient between B and C has been recently studied by Rao et al. [1973]. We consider this problem when the frequency of fertile childless families (N = 0) is not available or cannot be estimated. Assuming the distribution of N is zero-truncated negative binomial, a formula for the correlation coefficient is derived. Applying this formula to the data of Reed and Reed [1965] gives a correlation coefficient of 0.27. The corresponding empirical coefficient for non-zero size families calculated directly from the data is 0.24.

Objective: Non-syndromic orofacial cleft (NSOFC), including cleft lip with/or without cleft palate (CL±P) and cleft palate (CP) are multifactorial developmental disorders with both genetic and environmental aetiological factors. This study investigated the association between (CL±P) and (CP), and two polymorphisms previously determined using GWAS, as well as, the association between consanguinity and (CL±P) and (CP).Methods: DNA using saliva was extracted from 171 affected individuals and 189 control group (age, gender and location) infant-parental triads, recruited from eleven referralhospitals in Saudi Arabia. Two polymorphisms, rs4752028 and rs7078160, located on VAX1 gene were genotyped using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). A transmission disequilibrium test was carried out using Family Based Association Test and PLINK to measure the parents-of-origin effect.Results: Significant differences were found between affected individuals versus the control group. In the case of rs4752028 risk allele in cleft, the phenotypes were: CL±P (fathers:

INTRODUCTION: Cosmetic surgery, which is a type of elective surgery designed to alter the physical features of the human body, is currently in high demand due to a combination of several main factors; namely low self-esteem, the desire to achieve beauty standards set by society, and the ubiquity of mass media and social media influencers. As a Muslim, cosmetic surgery must be evaluated from a jurisprudential lens to determine the level of necessity of the procedure, whether it reached the stage of essential (darurah), or necessity (hajah), or complimetary (tahsinah), along with close inspection of the maslahah dan mafsadah involved with the aspect of maslahah dan mafsadah in need of further clarification. A close inspection of medical fatwas relating to cosmetic surgery reveals that procedures that are intended solely for physical beautification with no medical justification whatsoever are forbidden. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study collect data from fatwas issued by seven fatwa institutions worldwide, will look into the application of maqasid al-shariʿa in determining the legal status of cosmetic surgery in Islam. The data was analysed thematically. RESULT: The findings from this study suggest that all fatwas pertaining to cosmetic surgery were decided based on the considerations of maqasid al-shariʿa, which will greatly aid doctors and patients in evaluating the need, or the lack thereof, to proceed with cosmetic surgery. CONCLUSION: The discussion of Islamic law or fatwa related to medicine requires synergy between sharia experts and medical doctors.