Herbal remedies have been used for centuries to ameliorate complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). The aim of this study is to compare the effects of the oral curcumin supplement versus parenteral administration of turmeric extract on diabetic complications in a streptozocin (STZ) diabetic model. STZ DM rats received low and high doses turmeric extract intraperitoneally as well as oral curcumin. Curcumin and turmeric extracts significantly reduced blood glucose and creatinine levels, but not urea, and caused an increase in uric acid. Low dose improved liver enzymes, while higher dose and oral administration caused an increase in the ALT and AST. All groups showed an improvement in the serum cholesterol, while the triglycerides were not improved in the high and oral treatment. Histological evaluation showed islet cell protection. High‐dose injection showed almost intact renal corpuscles as well as tubular structures with minimal degeneration. Treatment showed limited protection of Liver tissue. Practical application Curcumin has been heavily marketed as a protective agent. The current study shows some potential risk of curcumin use. Oral and injectable curcumin should be used with caution. Turmeric extract and oral curcumin supplement showed protective effects on pancreatic, and renal structure and function. Although both did show some improvement in liver function, higher doses caused disturbance in liver enzymes and did not show histological evidence of liver tissue protection.

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Superficial radial nerve a b s t r a c tAim of the study: To determine the relation of the superficial radial nerve to bony landmarks and to identify a safe zone for K-wire pinning in the distal radius.Method: The superficial radial nerve was dissected in sixteen upper extremities of preserved cadavers.Results: We found that the superficial radial nerve emerged from under brachioradialis at a mean distance of 8.45 (±1.22) cm proximal to the radial styloid. The mean distance from the first major branching point of the superficial radial nerve to the radial styloid were 4.8 ± 0.4 cm.All branches of the superficial radial nerve were found to lie in the radial half of an isosceles triangle formed by the radial styloid, Lister's tubercle and the exit point of the superficial radial nerve. There is an elliptical area just proximal to the Lister's tubercle. This area is not crossed by any tendons or nerve. It is bounded by the extensor carpiradialis brevis, extensor pollicis longus. Conclusion:Pinning through the radial styloid is unsafe as the branches of the superficial radial nerve passe close to it. The ulnar half of the isosceles triangle is safe regarding the nerve. The elliptical zone just proximal to the Lister's tubercle is safe regarding the tendons and nerve.Copyright © 2014, Delhi Orthopaedic Association. All rights reserved. IntroductionKirschner wires (K-wires) is a popular technique either alone or to supplement external fixation for displaced fractures of the distal radius. However, the morbidity of nerve damage is often underestimated and can be avoided. Injury to branches of the superficial radial nerve (SRN) was reported in 20% of patients in which percutaneous pinning was done for distal radial fractures. 1 In this study we hypothesis that identification of the anatomy of the SRN in relation to easily identifiable anatomical land-marks might minimize the risk of nerve injury during surgical approaches to the distal radius. * Corresponding author.E-mail address: aymanhusen2002@yahoo.com (A.M. Ali).Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect journa l h om epage: www.els evier.com /locate/jcot j o u r n a l o f c l i n i c a l o r t h o p a e d i c s a n d t r a u m a 5 ( 2 0 1 4 ) 2 4 0 e2 4 4http://dx