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Given the anticipation of water supply becoming increasingly scarce in the future and costlier, water conservation in turfgrass management has become extremely important. The application of mycorrhizal fungi in water scarcity has been considered as one of the most promising methods to improve turfgrass management. Accordingly, the present study evaluates the potential role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation in the growth of two turfgrass species under water stress conditions. Two turfgrass species (Kentucky bluegrass [Poa pratensis] and perennial ryegrass [Lolium perenne L.]) were subjected to two watering regimes (well-watered [watering 100% field capacity] and water deficit [watering 50% field capacity]) in the presence of AMF (a mixture of Funneliformis mosseae and Rhizophagus irregularis, or non-inoculated plants [non-AMF] as control) and humic acid spray treatments (0 mg/L and 500 mg/L). Not surprisingly, lack of water resulted in diminished morphological traits, mineral nutrient concentrations, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, relative water content, and enzyme activities, and increased proline content, malondialdehyde, and hydrogen peroxide concentrations in both turfgrass species. On the other hand, AMFinoculated plants grown under well-watered conditions showed increased plant biomass, phosphorous concentration, and relative water content compared to non-AMF plants. Further, nitrogen and potassium concentrations and catalase activity were improved by humic acid. There was no significant difference in water stress tolerance between P. pratensis and L. perenne. In conclusion, the two turfgrass species showed a good response to AMF inoculation under water stress conditions, where humic acid was found to be less effective.

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Arizona Cypress is one of the drought-resistant, aromatic, and aesthetically pleasing trees having several pharmacological uses. Certain microorganisms contribute to the secondary metabolism and synthesis of bioactive compounds in aromatic and medicinal plants. This study aimed to determine the photosynthetic pigments, total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, and essential oil composition of Arizona cypress under two irrigation regimes and microbial inoculations. We established a factorial experiment with three mycorrhizae inoculations (Rhizophagusirregularis, Funneliformismosseae, and a mixture of R.irregularis and F.mosseae), a rhizobacterium inoculation (Pseudomonasfluorescens), and two irrigation regimes (well-watered and water stress). Under the water stress regime, seedlings inoculated with F.mosseae (0.46%) and non-inoculated control plants (0.29%) had the highest and lowest essential oil contents, respectively. GC–MS analysis revealed that limonen, a-pinene, terpinen-4-ol, and umbellulone were the most abundant compounds in the seedlings and treatments under study. The water stress regime had a significant and dominant effect on essential oil and antioxidant capacity, whereas seedling growth and photosynthetic pigments tended to decrease under stress conditions. However, co-inoculation of seedlings with mycorrhizae and the bacterium resulted in an increase in phenolic compounds and carotenoids. Under conditions of water stress and mycorrhizal symbiosis, the results of the current study may help increase the level of valuable compounds in Arizona cypress for further pharmaceutical applications.

No abstract