Reaction of an isocyanide with an electron-poor aromatic aldehyde in the presence of silica nanoparticles (silica NP; ca. 42 nm) proceeds smoothly at room temperature to afford 2-hydroxyacetamide derivatives in high yields (Scheme 1 and Table 1).Introduction. -As part of our ongoing program to develop efficient and robust methods for the preparation of organic compounds [1 -22], we wish to report now a simple and practical procedure for the preparation of 2-hydroxyacetamide derivatives 3 through reaction of alkyl isocyanides 1 and electron-poor aromatic aldehydes 2 in the presence of silica nanoparticles (silica NP; ca. 42 nm) at room temperature for 8 h (cf. Scheme 1 and Table 1).

Addition of an isocyanide to an iminium ion intermediate that forms from the reaction between a heteroarylcarbaldehyde and a secondary amine leads to formation of sterically congested 2-(heteroaryl)acetamide derivatives in the presence of silica gel at room temperature. The structures of the products were deduced from their 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, and infrared spectra and mass spectrometry.

Silicone oil nanoemulsion softeners with different particle sizes can be prepared using different surfactants with various ratios aminosilicone oil, surfactants concentration and time of mixing. The silicone oil nanoemulsion softeners could penetrate well into the polyester fibers; therefore, they can induce desirable physicochemical properties in the fabric. In current study, we first prepared silicone oil nanoemulsion softeners by designing via DOE software and with different particle sizes using nonyl phenol, octyl phenyl ether and fatty alcohol surfactants, and we investigated them using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) techniques. In DOE software, the effect of various independent variables of emulsification process such as surfactant type, oil weight fraction, surfactant concentration and time of mixing on dependent variables were studied including particle size, z-average and width. Then, we examined the physical characteristics of polyester fabric by applying silicone oil macro, micro and nanoemulsion softeners. The treated fabrics with these softeners were compared with each other through the physical properties. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed the polyester fabric treated with silicone nanoemulsion softeners appeared to have smoother fiber surface. To prove the penetration of silicone particles into the fabric fibers, a cross section was taken from the cross section of polyester fabric by microtome in liquid nitrogen. The TEM images from cross section of fabrics treated with the silicone oil nanoemulsion softeners confirmed that the nanoparticles had penetrated well into the polyester fibers; therefore, they could induce desirable physicochemical properties in the fabric.

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