Children with cancer treated with cytotoxic drugs are frequently at risk of developing renal dysfunction. The cytotoxic drugs that are widely used for cancer treatment in children are cisplatin (CPL), ifosfamide (IFO), carboplatin, and methotrexate (MTX). Mechanisms of anticancer drug-induced renal disorders are different and include acute kidney injury (AKI), tubulointerstitial disease, vascular damage, hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), and intrarenal obstruction. CPL nephrotoxicity is dose-related and is often demonstrated with hypomagnesemia, hypokalemia, and impaired renal function with rising serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels. CPL, mitomycin C, and gemcitabine treatment cause vascular injury and HUS. High-dose IFO, streptozocin, and azacitidine cause renal tubular dysfunction manifested by Fanconi syndrome, rickets, and osteomalacia. AKI is a common adverse effect of MTX, interferon-alpha, and nitrosourea compound treatment. These strategies to reduce the cytotoxic drug-induced nephrotoxicity should include adequate hydration, forced diuresis, and urinary alkalization. Amifostine, sodium thiosulfate, and diethyldithiocarbamate provide protection against CPL-induced renal toxicity.

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days after the onset of fever (p=0.03). There was no significant relationship between CAL and nationality and other clinical systemic manifistation. There was no relationship between laboratory findings and the development of CAL before and after IVIG administration. Conclusion CAL are more frequent in patients with incomplete KD. Risk factors for CAL are age between 1-5 years, male gender, and fever of >5 days duration. Early administration of IVIG reduces the frequency of CAL in patients with KD.

Accumulation of excess iron in heart can lead to cardiac dysfunction, which is the most common cause of death in thalassemia major patients. Biopsy is an invasive procedure and therefore not an ideal option to assess iron load. However, standard/usual non-invasive methods, such as ferritin measurement, have some limitations and the results show poor correlations with iron load. Magnetic Response Imaging (MRI-T2*), as a non-invasive and reliable method for iron load assessment in organs such as liver and heart, can be suggested as a favorable alternative. This cross-sectional study was implemented in Thalassemia and Hemophilia Clinic Center (Sarvar) affiliated with Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran, from 2012 to 2013. After the approval of the research protocol by the local ethic committee, laboratory tests, including CBC and serum ferritin, were carried out, and echocardiography and heart and liver MRI-T2* were performed. All statistical analysis was done through SPSS software (version 11.5), using independent sample test and Pearson's correlation coefficient test. A value ≤0.05 was considered to be significant. 88 patients with the mean (±SD) age of 21.2 (±5.6) years, (range 11-37 years) were observed. Iron load was assessed using MRI-T2* with the following results: Out of 88 patients, 48.9 % had mild to severe cardiac siderosis, and 75.2 % had mild to severe liver siderosis. We demonstrated a correlation between liver MRI-T2* and serum ferritin, and heart MRI-T2* and ejection fraction. However, no correlation between liver and heart MRI-T2* was observed. Heart and liver siderosis is a common and serious problem in thalassemia major patients, and MRI-T2* as a sensitive and non-invasive technique can be used for early/timely detection of siderosis and good therapeutic monitoring in these patients.

Background:Iron deficiency anaemia is the most common nutritional anaemia among children. Lead toxicity is a serious health threat, especially in developing countries due to environmental pollution. It was thus aimed to investigate correlation between blood lead concentration and iron deficiency in children of Mashhad, Iran.Materials and Methods:This cross sectional study was performed on children between 1 year and 10 years, in Imam Reza teaching hospital of Mashhad, Iran, in 2010. Indeed during complete blood count (CBC), we measured iron and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) by colorimetric methods, ferritin by radioimmune assay and blood lead concentration by atomic absorption method. Results were analysed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) (version 11.5), using statistical tests including independent sample t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, Spearman's test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Pearson's or Spearman's correlation coefficient. P value ≤ 0.05 was considered as a significant level.Results:We studied 223 cases including 98 control children and 125 patients. All children had lead intoxication. Mean (±SD) blood lead concentration in the control group was 57.1 ± 25.3 (ranged 20-212) μg/dl and in the patient group was 57 ± 20.4 (ranged 10.9-159) μg/dl with no significant difference (P value = 0.713). We also did not find any correlation between blood lead concentration and haemoglobin, ferritin, iron, TIBC, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), white blood cells (WBC) and platelets.Conclusion:Based on these results, no correlation was found between blood lead concentration and iron deficiency in the children. Because all children had lead intoxication, further studies in highly polluted and a comparison with a low polluted area are necessary to make a general conclusion.