Well-ordered KIT-6 mesoporous silica was synthesized via a sol-gel process and functionalized with sulfonic acid groups. The catalyst was characterized using XRD, BET, TGA, SEM, TEM and pyridine FTIR spectroscopy techniques. The prepared catalyst was used to catalyze the conversion of fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in DMSO. Various reaction parameters such as effect of reaction temperature, reaction time, catalyst loading, and solvent on HMF yield were investigated. A fructose conversion of 100% and 84.1% yield of HMF was obtained at 165 ºC after 30 min in DMSO. The reaction is quite selective toward HMF. The catalyst was used several times without significantly losing its catalytic effect.

The influence of lignin modification on drug release and pH-dependent releasing behavior of oral solid dosage forms was investigated using three different formulations. The first formulation contains microcrystalline cellulose (MCC 101) as the excipient and paracetamol as the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). The second formulation includes Alcell lignin and MCC 101 as the excipient and paracetamol, and the third formulation consists of carboxylated Alcell lignin, MCC 101 and paracetamol. Direct compaction was carried out in order to prepare the tablets. Lignin can be readily chemically modified due to the existence of different functional groups in its structure. The focus of this investigation is on lignin carboxylation and its influence on paracetamol control release behavior at varying pH. Results suggest that carboxylated lignin tablets had the highest drug release, which is linked to their faster disintegration and lower tablet hardness.

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In the pharmaceutical manufacturing, drug release behavior development is remained as one of the main challenges to improve the drug effectiveness. Recently, more focus has been done on using mesoporous silica materials as drug carriers for prolonged and superior control of drug release in human body. In this study, release behavior of paracetamol is developed using drug-loaded KCC-1-NH2 mesoporous silica, based on direct compaction method for preparation of tablets. The purpose of this study is to investigate the utilizing of pure KCC-1 mesoporous silica (KCC-1) and amino functionalized KCC-1 (KCC-1-NH2) as drug carriers in oral solid dosage formulations compared to common excipient, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), to improve the control of drug release rate by manipulating surface chemistry of the carrier. Different formulations of KCC-1 and KCC-NH2 are designed to investigate the effect of functionalized mesoporous silica as carrier on drug controlled-release rate. The results displayed the remarkable effect of KCC-1-NH2 on drug controlled-release in comparison with the formulation containing pure KCC-1 and formulation including MCC as reference materials. The pure KCC-1 and KCC-1-NH2 are characterized using different evaluation methods such as FTIR, SEM, TEM and N2 adsorption analysis.

The influence of lignin modification on drug release and pH-dependent releasing behaviour of oral solid dosage form was investigated using three different formulations. The first formulation contains microcrystalline cellulose (MCC101) as excipient and paracetamol as active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). The second formulation includes Alcell lignin and MCC 101 as excipient and paracetamol, and the third formulation consists of carboxylated Alcell lignin, MCC 101 and paracetamol. Direct compaction was carried out in order to prepare the tablets. Lignin can be readily chemically modified due to the existence of different functional groups in its structure. The focus of this investigation is on lignin carboxylation and its influence on paracetamol control release behaviour at varying pH. Results suggest that carboxylated lignin tablets had the highest drug release, which is linked to their faster disintegration and lower tablet hardness.