Kajian ini membincangkan tentang tahap hubungan sosial dan patriotisme dalam kalangan pelajar tahun satu Kampus Johor Bahru, UTM. Seramai 521 pelajar yang telah mengikuti kursus Hubungan Etnik (KHE) menjadi responden kajian ini. Kajian ini merupakan kajian tinjauan yang menggunakan borang soal selidik. Skop kajian ini tentang hubungan sosial daripada perspektif perpaduan kaum dan partriotisme yang melibatkan kecintaan, kebanggaan dan kesetiaan kepada negara. Data dianalisis menggunakan kekerapan, peratusan dan min. Hasil kajian menunjukkan tahap hubungan sosial pelajar tahun satu adalah berada pada tahap sederhana. Manakala patriotisme pula berada pada tahap tinggi. Beberapa cadangan juga dikemukakan untuk memperbaiki kelemahan–kelemahan kepada pengajaran dan pembelajaran kursus Hubungan Etnik di UTM. Kata kunci: Hubungan etnik; perpaduan; hubungan sosial; patriotisme; masyarakat majmuk; polarisasi This research discusses the level of social relation and patriotism among first year students in Johor Bahru Campus, UTM. Respondents of this study were 521 students enrolled in the Ethnic Relation course. A survey method using questionnaire was used. The scopes of the study include social relation from the perspective of ethnic unity and patriotism in the context of love, admiration and loyalty to the country. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage and mean. The findings showed that the level of social relation among the first year students was at a moderate level, whereas the level of patriotism was high. Several recommendations are given to improve the weaknesses of teaching and learning in Ethnic Relation course at UTM. Key words: Ethnic relation; unity; social relation; patriotism; plural society; polarization

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The cashless transaction environment is growing tremendously with the current development of digital technology. These developments will create a cashless society that, with a diverse attitude, shapes consumer behaviour. The objective of this study is to explore the conceptual framework of the study on consumer beliefs in the sustainability of attitudes, intentions, and behaviours of cashless transactions. The main aims of this paper are also to explore the variables suggested by consumer beliefs to form the expected hypothesis to be implemented in these studies. The cashless transaction model will be studied based on attitudes to identify the value of beliefs and best practices among consumers. Based on this attitude, the conceptual framework of the cashless transaction focuses on cognitive value through the factors of belief in cashless transactions. This concept paper is also focused on the use of the Theory of Planned Behaviour and previous studies. Subsequently, this study was conducted to propose an attitude-based cashless transaction model to fit consumers of higher education institutions in Malaysia. It focuses on factors influencing behaviour in cashless transactions based on the conceptual framework. This paper, which specialises in cognitive aspects that will guide the study in the future, ranging from trustworthiness, usefulness, cybersecurity, transaction procedures, attitude, intention, and behaviour in cashless transactions. These factors will be the expected construct of influencing cashless transaction behaviour.