Estrogen may be an effective adjuvant agent in the treatment of women with chronic schizophrenia.

Introduction: Clinical education is a process during which students gradually acquire skills for clinical management of patients by visiting patients. The aim of this study was to determine the quality and quantity of clinical education from the view point of junior and senior doctors. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive, analytical study. All clinical students of the faculty of medicine in YUMS in the year 1385-1386 were surveyed after they gave their informed written consent. Data were collected by a researcher made questionnaire with approved validity and reliability. 54 students totally consisted of personal identification, the quality and quantity of attending, clinical education, and educational contexts were assessed. Each question had four choice options and the cutoff point was considered 60 out of 100. After the primary data analysis, the students were asked to take part in a Focus Group Discussion to have a conclusion of their ultimate opinions. The data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: 68% of the students evaluated the quality of clinical education unsatisfactory and 48% of them assessed the instructors as unsatisfactory. The interns were significantly assessed as unsatisfactory in OBS-GYN, surgery and internal wards more than stagers. Conclusion: Quality and quantity of clinical education of the faculty of medicine was evaluated as undesirable from view point of students. Totally, clinical education requires further attention from the different perspectives.

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Introduction: The innovation of outpatient extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) has created a revolution in the treatment of urinary tract stones. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the success rate of electromagnetic lithotriptor, in the treatment of renal and upper ureteral stones. Patients and Methods: In this study, 84 patients aged over 10 years, with renal and upper ureteral stones less than 20 mm, were considered for ESWL. Patients were randomly assigned into two groups. In all patients, using ultrasound and fluoroscopy, stone was localized and using an electromagnetic machine by standard method, ESWL was performed with electromagnetic waves. ESWL started with 12 kV and was increased to18 kV, up to a maximum of 3500 shock waves. Two weeks later a kidney, ureter, and bladder (KUB) X-ray and ultrasonography was conducted and the success rate of lithotripsy according to the crushing of stones and decrease in stone size was measured and recorded. Results: In this study, 61.9% of patients were male. The mean age of patients was 46.62 ± 13.12 years. The mean size of stones in both groups was 13.4 ± 2.5 mm. Around 56.3% of patients had opaque stones and 43.8% had non-opaque stones. A total of 63.5% of patients received up to 3000 shock waves and 37.5% of patients received more than 3000 shock waves. Complete efficacy and clearance of renal and ureteral stones was observed in 54.8% and 59.1% of cases, respectively (P>0.05). Conclusion: This study showed a similarity in the success and efficacy of electromagnetic lithotriptor in the treatment of renal and upper ureteral stones. Additionally, the success rate of opaque and non-opaque stones have no significant differences, while stone size and proportion of shock waves will not increase the efficacy of the electromagnetic lithotriptor in crushing the stones.