An electron spin moving adiabatically m a strong, spatially nonuniform magnetic field accumulates a geo metnc phase or Berry phase, which might be observable äs a conductance oscillation m a mesoscopic rmg Two contradicting theones exist for how strong the magnetic field should be to ensure adiabaticity if the motion is diffusive To resolve this controversy, we study the effect of a nonuniform magnetic field on the spin polanzation and on the weak-locahzation effect The diffusion equation for the Cooperon is solved exactly Adiabaticity requires that the spm-precession time is short compared to the elastic scattermg time-it is not sufficient that it is short compared to the diffusion time around the rmg This strong condition severely comphcates the expenmental observation [80163-1829(99)10103-6]

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This paper considers the potential for merchant investment in interconnection in the European electricity system. As transmission is in Europe in principle a regulated business, it is analysed here under what conditions merchant interconnectors could be allowed. First, the general role of interconnectors in the process of the integration of the European electricity market is considered. Second, it is discussed why merchant interconnectors could be a valuable complement to regulated interconnectors. Third, the general European regulatory framework for transmission is given. Fourth, the economics of merchant interconnectors are considered and the consequences for the regime merchant investors wish to obtain. Fifth, an extensive overview is given of the special legal regime that can be granted to merchant interconnectors in Europe. Sixth, the decisions concerning the Estlink merchant interconnector are analysed. This interconnector between Estonia and Finland is the only example in which a special regime for a merchant interconnector for electricity has been granted to date. Seventh, the special regime for merchant interconnectors is analysed. Finally, it is concluded what the potential is for merchant interconnectors in the European electricity industry.

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