SumárioA síndrome metabólica (SM) tem gerado enormes controvérsias, a iniciar-se pela terminologia. O próprio autor que sugeriu o termo, Gerald Reaven, recomenda que não o utilizemos, porque, como a síndrome é um apanhado de alterações metabólicas e três dessas alterações podem defini-la, fica sempre difícil saber-se a que conjunto de alterações estamos nos referindo quando conotamos o termo SM. Em crianças, a complicação é ainda maior, já que se fazem diferentes adaptações aos critérios propostos para adultos. De qualquer forma, independentemente da terminologia, os riscos cardiovasculares são bem estabelecidos e fica cada vez mais claro que as crianças, já em tenra idade, podem começar a ter alterações metabólicas preditivas de problemas mais sérios futuramente. Assim, o papel do endocrinologista pediátrico e do pediatra geral é de investigar essas crianças, especialmente se portadoras de sobrepeso ou obesidade, para detectar precocemente e intervir em condições que podem ser prevenidas na vida adulta. Essa é uma nova visão de uma abordagem pediátrica preventiva de problemas que, usualmente, só são diagnosticados em vida adulta. Nesta revisão, abordamos os aspectos de definição, epidemiologia, fisiopatologia e de complicações da SM em crianças e adolescentes.Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2011;55(8):576-82 Descritores Síndrome metabólica; dislipidemia; resistência à insulina; hipertensão arterial sistêmica; esteatose hepática; índice de massa corpóreo SummArYMetabolic syndrome (MS) has been a condition involved in considerable controversy, starting with the terminology. Gerald Reaven himself, the author who proposed the term MS, advised against the use of this terminology because the definition implies in at least three metabolic alterations, and it is never clear to which group of alterations we are referring to when we say that a patient has MS. In children, the problem is even more complicated, since there are many different adaptations to the criteria used in adults. On the other hand, independent of the terminology, cardiovascular risks are well-established and it is very clear that even children may present metabolic disturbances which predict future metabolic problems. The role of the pediatric endocrinologist or the general pediatrician is to investigate, especially in overweight/ obese children, conditions that if treated early, may prevent future complications that today, unfortunately, are being diagnosed only in adult life. In this review, we discuss problems on the definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and complications of MS in children and adolescents. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2011;55(8):576-82
SUMÁRIOO MCT8 é um transportador celular de hormônios tireoidianos, importante para sua ação e metabolização. Relatamos o caso de um menino com a nova mutação inativadora 630insG no éxon 1 do MCT8. O paciente caracterizou-se por grave comprometimento neurológico (inicialmente com hipotonia global, evoluindo com hipertonia generalizada), crescimento normal nos dois primeiros anos de vida, reduzido ganho ponderal e ausência dos sinais e sintomas típicos de hipotireoidismo. A sua avaliação sérica revelou elevação do T3, redução do T4 total e livre e TSH levemente aumentado. O tratamento com levotiroxina melhorou o perfil hormonal tireoidiano, mas não modificou o quadro clínico do paciente. Esses dados reforçam o conceito de que o papel do MCT8 é tecido-dependente: enquanto os neurônios são altamente dependentes do MCT8, o osso, o tecido adiposo, o músculo e o fígado são menos dependentes do MCT8 e, portanto, podem sofrer as consequências da exposição a níveis séricos elevados de T3. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2011;55(1):60-6 SUMMARY MCT8 is a cellular transporter of thyroid hormones important in their action and metabolization. We report a male patient with the novel inactivating mutation 630insG in the coding region in exon 1 of MCT8. He was characterized clinically by severe neurologic impairment (initially with global hypotonia, later evolving with generalized hypertonia), normal growth during infancy, reduced weight gain, and absence of typical signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism, while the laboratory evaluation disclosed elevated T3, low total and free T4, and mildly elevated TSH serum levels. Treatment with levothyroxine improved thyroid hormone profile but was not able to alter the clinical picture of the patient. These data reinforce the concept that the role of MCT8 is tissue-dependent: while neurons are highly dependent on MCT8, bone tissue, adipose tissue, muscle, and liver are less dependent on MCT8 and, therefore, may suffer the consequences of the exposition to high serum T3 levels. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2011;55(1):60-6
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH) and neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism (NSHPT) are consequent to inactivating mutations of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) gene. FHH is usually associated with heterozygous inactivating mutations of the CaR gene, whereas NSHPT is usually due to homozygous inactivation of the CaR gene. FHH is generally asymptomatic and is characterized by mild to moderate lifelong hypercalcemia, relative hypocalciuria, and normal intact PTH, whereas individuals with NSHPT frequently show life-threatening hypercalcemia. In this study, we report a novel inactivating mutation of the CaR gene, identified in a 9-yr-old Brazilian girl who was found to be severely hypercalcemic during investigation of a 6-month history of headaches and vomits. Direct sequencing of the CaR gene from this patient showed a novel homozygous mutation (L13P) in exon 2. Functional characterization by intracellular calcium measurement by fluorometry showed that the mutant receptor had a dose-response curve shifted to the right relative to that of wild type. The proband's consanguineous parents, who had mild asymptomatic hypercalcemia, showed the same mutation in the heterozygous form. The mutation described in this study is the inactivating missense mutation present at the most N-terminal end among the known CaR missense mutations. This study reinforces the fact that patients with homozygous inactivation of the CaR gene may present with severe hypercalcemia in different phases of life.
SUMMARYWe report a case of adrenal hypoplasia congenita (AHC) and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) due to a novel DAX1 mutation. A 19-month-old boy with hyperpigmentation and failure to thrive came to our service for investigation. Three brothers of the patient had died due to adrenal failure, and a maternal cousin had adrenal insufficiency. Adrenoleukodystrophy was excluded. MRI showed normal pituitary and hypothalamus. Plasma hormone evaluation revealed high ACTH (up to 2,790 pg/mL), and low levels of androstenedione, DHEA-S, 11-deoxycortisol, and cortisol. At 14 years of age the patient was still prepubescent, his weight was 43.6 kg (SDS: -0.87) and his height was 161 cm (SDS: -0.36), with normal body proportions. In the GnRH test, basal and maximum values of LH and FSH were respectively 0.6/2.1 and < 1.0/< 1.0 U/L. Molecular investigation identified a novel mutation that consists of a deletion of codon 372 (AAC; asparagine) in exon 1 of DAX1. This mutation was not found in a study of 200 alleles from normal individuals. Prediction site analysis indicated that this alteration, located in the DAX1 ligand-binding domain, may damage DAX1 protein. We hypothesize that the novel (p.Asp372del) DAX1 mutation might be able to cause a disruption of DAX1 function, and is probably involved in the development of AHC and HH in this patient. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab.2012;56(8):496-500 SUMÁRIO Relatamos um caso de hipoplasia adrenal congênita (HAC) e hipogonadismo hipogonadotrófico (HH) causado por uma nova mutação do gene DAX1. Paciente do sexo masculino com 19 meses de idade, hiperpigmentação e desenvolvimento inadequado foi encaminhado ao nosso serviço. Antecedente familiar de três irmãos falecidos por falência da adrenal, e um primo materno portador de insuficiência adrenal. Excluída a hipótese de adrenoleucodistrofia. A RM demonstrou hipófise e hipotálamo normais. Os níveis de hormônios plasmáticos mostraram alta concentração de ACTH (até 2.790 pg/mL) e baixos níveis de androstenediona, DHEA-S, 11-deoxicortisol e cortisol. Aos 14 anos de idade, o paciente ainda era pré-púbere, com peso de 43,6 kg (SDS: -0,87) e altura de 161 cm (SDS: -0,36), proporcionado. O teste do GnRH mostrou níveis basais e máximos de LH e FSH, respectiva mente, iguais a 0,6/2,1 e < 1,0/< 1,0 U/L. A análise molecular identificou uma nova mutação que consiste da deleção do códon 372 (AAC; asparagina) no éxon 1 do gene DAX1. Essa mutação não foi encontrada em 200 alelos de indivíduos normais. A análise no site PredictProtein indicou que essa alteração, localizada no domínio de ligação do DAX1, pode danificar a proteína. Nossa hipótese é que essa nova mutação (p.Asp372del) do gene DAX1 pode levar a uma alteração na função da proteína DAX1 e está provavelmente envolvida no desenvolvimento da HAC e HH nesse paciente. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2012;56(8):496-500
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