No abstract

Refugees migrate from their countries to other countries in the study of migration because of natural disasters, famine, difficulty in getting jobs, and fear of war or armed conflict in their countries. The problem of the Syrian refugee crisis in 2011 due to armed conflict made Syrian refugees leave their country for Europe. In 2011 Syrian refugees began to enter Europe through waters, then UNHCR announced the status of refugees and encouraged the EU to respond with refugee acceptance. In 2012 the EU then adopted the Regional Protection Program - International protection regime in accepting refugees. Germany was then very enthusiastic in accepting refugees, so there were many refugee destinations to get protection. Through the German resettlement scheme then received many refugees. Through the Balkan lane the EU then negotiated with Turkey which made it easier for refugees to enter Europe, then it had implications for the increasing number of refugees entering Europe in 2015. This caused fears of the Balkan countries so that the peak of the Balkan lane was closing which resulted in a reduction in German revenue from the original plan of acceptance. Therefore, the author wants to confirm whether the Regional Protection Program - International protection regime is quite effective in carrying out the reception of Syrian refugees in 2013-2015. The writer uses Arild Uderdal's regime effectiveness concept, which consists of several variables such as problem type, problem-solving capacity, and the level of collaboration then to confirm the effectiveness of this regime.

Italy is the destination for migration and Libya is the main gateway for sending migrants by sea. Political instability in Libya due to the Arab Spring became fertile ground for smugglers to send thousands of irregular migrants from mainland Africa across the Mediterranean to Europe. The number of irregular migrants who come to cause problems for Italy. Italy is a country that is quite focused on resolving irregular migrant problems, but regulations regarding migrants are still said to be unsuccessful given the growing number of migrants. Migrants who arrive are often referred to as "Marocchini" or Moroccans. This research uses the concept of norms in constructivism. Norms have standards of behavior that contain prohibitions and recommendations of action. After the cessation of Operation Mare Nostrum, Italy continued to show consistency in complying with the laws of the sea and human rights, by continuing to carry out surveillance and rescue at sea. This was reinforced by the statement of the Italian Prime Minister, Matteo Renzi who was committed to making the problem in the Mediterranean a focus of foreign policy and migration became an important political agenda.

Morocco is a country in the North African region with a strategic geographical location for migration routes to Europe. Morocco borders Spain directly, causing thousands of migrants, refugees and asylum seekers to pass through Morocco as a transit country to get to Europe as a major destination. Previously, Morocco itself was a large migrant sending country with a total Moroccan diaspora abroad reaching almost 10% of the total population. The dynamics of Morocco as a sending, transit and now a recipient country for refugees makes Morocco have a policy dynamic that is quite interesting to study. Starting with Law 02-03 which made Morocco the first Arab country to have regulations on refugees, ratification of the 2011 constitution, until the enactment of the National Policy on Immigration and Asylum (NPIA) in 2013 made Morocco continue to get praise from various parties for its quite friendly regulations against these refugees, despite various diplomatic pressures that Morocco has received from other countries such as Spain and Greece. Morocco then offers permanent residency for refugees who fulfill the procedure. In discussing the motives behind Morocco's positive response, Jacobsen's concept of influencing factors influencing Jacobsen's explanations explains 4 variable factors: international relations, national security considerations, the competitiveness of local communities, and bureaucratic decisions.