Bu çalışmada, Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TUİK) verilerine göre Türkiye'nin ve on tarım bölgesinin; son 10 yıla (2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015)(2016)(2017)(2018)(2019) ait tarımsal mekanizasyon düzeyi gösterge değerleri (kW ha -1 , traktör sayısı 1000 ha -1 , ha traktör -1 , makina traktör -1 ) belirlenmiş ve gelecek yıllar (2020-2030) için kW ha -1 değeri trend analizi yardımıyla tahmin edilmiş ve değerlendirilmiştir. Türkiye'nin on tarım bölgesi ve Türkiye genelinde yıllara göre mekanizasyon düzeyi göstergelerinden kW ha -1 ve traktör 1000 ha -1 değerleri artmış, makina traktör -1 değeri ise azalmıştır. kW ha -1 değeri; en yüksek Ege Bölgesinde (2.86-3.72 kW ha -1 ), en düşük Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesinde (0.35-0.44 kW ha -1 ) oluşmuş, Türkiye genelinde son on yılda ortalama %3.22 artış göstermiş ve 1.67-2.22 kW ha -1 olarak gerçekleşmiştir. Gelecek yıllar (2020-2030) için kW ha -1 değeri; Türkiye ve tüm tarım bölgelinde yıllara göre artış göstereceği tahmin edilmiştir. Gelecek yıllar (2020-2030) için ortalama artış değerleri %0.89-3.18 arasında gerçekleşeceği öngörülmektedir. kW ha -1 değeri; Türkiye geneli için 2020 yılında 2.27, 2025 yılında 2.55 ve 2030 yılında 2.84 olması tahmin edilmektedir. Makina traktör -1 oranındaki azalma; on yıllık süreçte makina sayılarındaki artış oranlarının traktör sayılarındaki artış oranlarından daha az olmasından kaynaklanmaktadır.

The aims of this study is to evaluate On-grid and Off-grid photovoltaic (PV) energy systems which exist in two different livestock enterprises (broiler and freshwater fish enterprises) in the province of Kahramanmaraş. Methods and Results:The electrical energy requirements of the enterprises were determined according to their installed power, PV system equipment and their properties were examined, their energy (electricity and fuel oil) costs were determined and economic analysis was made. As a result of the research examining the system design and costs in accordance with the energy requirements of the enterprises, both the broiler enterprise with a capacity of 300 kWh and the freshwater fish enterprise with a capacity of 49 kWh reach the breakeven point within 4 to 5 years and reduce the electrical energy costs to zero. However, because of the broiler farm using On-grid system supplies the excess electricity generated to the grid, it takes profit approximately 312000 TL per year. Considering that the PV solar system has a life span of 20 years, it is seen that their use in agriculture and livestock enterprises is highly profitable. Conclusions: As Turkey, despite the superiority in the solar energy potential in agricultural production cannot sufficiently benefit from this potential and energy produced in this field remains far below the total energy needs. The biggest reason for this is initial costs of photovoltaic (PV) energy systems are high compared to energy efficiency. Significance and Impact of the Study: Energy needs and costs in the agriculture and livestock sector are increasing day by day and become an important problem. In order to reduce these costs, electricity generation from solar and wind energy is becoming widespread in farms. It is thought that the research will be an example in terms of energy management and energy diversity with the use of PV solar energy systems in the field of agriculture and livestock.

Many agricultural machines (rotary tiller, planting, fertilizing, pesticide, irrigation, shearing, baling, silage machines etc.) are operated by getting motion from the tractor power takeoff. The motion from the tractor power takeoff (PTO) is transferred to the agricultural machines via an articulated shaft (the intermediate shaft). In motion transmission with an articulated shaft, in addition to mechanical adversities, there are risks of noise, vibration and entanglement which will affect the operator's health and safety during operation. In this study, a hydraulic system, which is formed as an alternative to the movement given by the PTO to the fertilizer broadcaster is connected to the hydraulic system of the tractor with open circuit hydraulic system. In the case of both motion transmissions (articulated shaft and hydraulic motor), operating conditions of the machine; fertilizer distribution uniformity, tractor fuel consumption, noise and vibration values were determined and compared. While mean noise level in mechanical system were determined as 91.01 (dBA) on the machine and 81.93 (dBA) in the tractor cabine, mean noise level in hydraulic system were determined as 81.15 (dBA) on the machine and 71.85 (dBA) in the tractor cabine. While the total vibration acceleration of the mechanical system were determined as 68.36 m s -2 on the machine, 3.23 m s -2 on the tractor driver seat, the total vibration acceleration of the hydraulic system were determined as 60.02 m s -2 on the machine and 2.64 m s -2 on the tractor driver seat. It has been determined that the machine with hydraulic system does not differ significantly from the mechanical system in terms of fertilizer distribution uniformity, but it is more suitable in terms of fuel consumption and noise and vibration values that important for the health of the tractor driver. Operating the Fertilizer broadcaster machines with a hydraulic system can be an alternative system in terms of ergonomics that can increase both the efficiency and effectiveness of the machine. Works can be done to operate other machines driven from the PTO with hydraulic motor applications.

Today, image processing techniques are frequently used in irrigation, fertilization and spraying applications in order to increase agricultural input efficiency and product quality. In this study, the relationship between the image and weight of soybeans was investigated. For this purpose, some image processing applications were carried out on the images of soybeans grown with the deficit irrigation (100%, 75, 50 and 25) method. In the study, the relationship between the weight of soybeans and the number of pixels occupied on the images was 88.78%. The weights belonging to the displayed soybean grains decreased from 100% watered to 50% watered, in the 25% irrigated area, it increased again. The 25% irrigated case created significant stress for soybeans. However, as in some plants, this situation caused an increase in grain weight in soybeans.