Problem statement: Human skin is a large (~ 1.75 m 2 ) organ containing a large number of ecologically distinct sites. These sites harbor a variety of distinct microbiomes. One challenge is to define the microbiome at every site. We chose two interesting sites: the base of the Front of the neck and the base of the Back of the neck (the nape) and enrolled forty volunteers. These two sites are interesting because the bacteria therein must interact with the skin and its microbiome and with clothing and hair and the external environment. Approach: The volunteers took their own neck swabs. Total DNA was prepared from each swab. That DNA was employed as a template in separate PCR reactions to amplify the V6 and V3 regions of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. The V6 and V3 regions were pyrosequenced using Roche 454 Life Sciences technology. To identify the bacteria, the sequences were compared to the data in the Ribosomal Database Project. Results: From the sequences of the V6 region, it was found that all of the swabs contained at least 1% of the reads as Actinobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria. The substantial majority of the swabs contained at least 1% of the reads as Alphaproteobacteria, Bacilli and Betaproteobacteria. About half of the swabs contained at least 1% of the reads as Flavobacteria and Sphingobacteria. A few swabs contained Clostridia or Cyanobacteria at least at the 1% level. The Class of Gammaproteobacteria was supported by the most reads for 94% of the swabs. Conclusion: As a measure of bacterial diversity, the Shannon Diversity Index was computed from the V6 data for each swab and considered as a function of the number of reads. The Front and Back curves were indistinguishable. To determine how close the data were to saturation, the Chao1 curves for the Front and Back swabs were constructed. The two curves were indistinguishable. Neither curve appeared close to saturation.

The quality of the water used by the community in Worongnge Village is poor water quality, therefore alternative solutions are needed to treat water so that the water is suitable for use. One process that can be used is the coagulation-flocculation process with Moringa seeds. The purpose of this study was to determine the concentration of Moringa seeds can stabilize the quality of water pH, TDS, and turbidity (turbidity) of river water in Worongnge Village. This research was conducted in the form of an experiment consisting of 5 treatments and each treatment used 1 liter of river water and each would be given 3 variations of time: (12 hours, 24 hours, 36 hours). The design is as follows: P0: 1 liter of river water without treatment P1: Provision of 1 liter of river water and 2 g of Moringa seed extract. P2: Giving 1 liter of river water and 4 grams of Moringa seed extract. P3: Giving 1 liter of river water and 6 grams of Moringa seed extract. P4: Giving 1 liter of river water and 8 grams of Moringa seed extract. The results of the research carried out found that the effective concentration of Moringa seed extract was 2gr(P1) where the results were water pH 7.2, water TDS 0.191, and turbidity (turbidity) 46. The use of Moringa oleifera seed extract as a natural coagulant is effective in reducing the turbidity of river water.

This chapter will enlighten you to know about cognitive functions in the elderly and how these functions get affected and lead to downfall progression (neurodegeneration) with aging not only in terms of structural changes but also functional which cause age-associated illnesses. The evidence of cognitive deficit is obvious among the elderly population and needs to be tackled very effectively in keeping the view of maintaining functional independence in their routine activities. Throughout the chapter, different phenomena related to age-associated disorders and comorbidity have highlighted the high frequency of cognitive impairment and we will also be going to know about the role of the COVID-19 pandemic in worsening these symptoms. Neuropsychological assessment at an early stage plays a crucial role in pointing out cognitive deficits earlier which can further lead to decelerating of symptoms through pharmacological and psychosocial rehabilitation.

A descriptive facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the University of the Medical Sciences and Technology (UMST).

A land use practices like deforestation is among the practices affecting environment in satisfying human daily tree felling and carbon needs, these practices tremendously contributes to climate change. To help in addressing it this study delves into understanding farmers' response of climate change. A total 250 farmers were sampled through stratified random sampling techniques. Information was generated means of instruments and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results revealed that male respondents accounted for 92.2% while female farmers accounted for 7.8% of farmers. The mean age was 33years and 86.53% of them had education background, 75.46% perceived changes in temperature, wind action (8.18%), sunlight (86.3%),flood and change in the rainy days(90.9%) while (74.55) of farmers had changed their practices,42.8% farmers obtained information on climate change from extension agents (22.3%) while 17.8% acquired Knowledge from interactions of friends and families and NGOs(.4%).COVER cropping(80.90%)5th, planting economic trees(82.47%)4th,mixed farming (77.27%)7thearly maturing vanities(19.65)1st and other practices were adopted to mitigate changes. Problems inhibiting mitigation and adaptation practices were; cost of mitigation and adaption practices, lack of regular update on effects of climate change on their daily practices. The study recommends boosting farmers' climate change awareness, improvement in Agriculture and forestry, appropriate technology strategies, availability of high-yielding and cost effective technologies.