Background: Our previous study found that male sterility in Salvia miltiorrhiza could result in stunted growth, reduced biomass, decreased primary metabolism, and increased secondary metabolism, but their molecular mechanisms have not yet been revealed. In this article, we investigated the underlying mechanism of male sterility to plant growth and metabolic yield by using physiological analysis and mRNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). Results: In this study, transcriptomic and physiological analysis were performed to identify the mechanism of male sterile mutants to plant growth and metabolic yield. Through Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, it was found that the pathways were mainly enriched in processes including organ development, primary metabolic process and secondary metabolic process. Physiological analysis showed that the chloroplast structure of male sterile mutants of S. miltiorrhiza was abnormally developed, which could result in decrease in leaf gas exchange (A, E and gs), chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv, Fm and Fv/Fm), and the chlorophyll content. Among the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), the expression levels of 7 genes involved to photosynthesis-related pathway were down-regulated in male sterile lines of S. miltiorrhiza, which was consistent with the corresponding phenotypic changes in chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll content and leaf gas exchange. Transcriptomic analysis established the role of disproportionating enzyme 1 (DPE1) as catalyzing the degradation of starch, and the role sucrose synthase 3 (SUS3) and cytosolic invertase 2 (CINV2) as catalyzing the degradation of sucrose in the S. miltiorrhiza mutants. The results also confirmed that phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) was involved in the biosynthesis of rosmarinic acid and salvianolic acid B, and flavone synthase (FLS) was an important enzyme catalyzing steps of flavonoid biosynthesis. Conclusions: Our results from the physiological and transcriptome analysis reveal underlying mechanism of plant growth and metabolic yield in male sterile mutants, and provide insight into the crop yield of S. miltiorrhiza.

Background: Our previous study finds that male sterility in Salvia miltiorrhiza could result in stunted growth and reduced biomass, but their molecular mechanisms have not yet been revealed. In this article, we investigate the underlying mechanism of male sterility and its impact on plant growth and metabolic yield by using physiological analysis and mRNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). Results: In this study, transcriptomic and physiological analysis were performed to identify the mechanism of male sterility in mutants and its impact on plant growth and metabolic yield. Through Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, it is found that the pathways are mainly enriched in processes including organ development, primary metabolic process and secondary metabolic process. Physiological analysis show that the chloroplast structure of male sterile mutants of S. miltiorrhiza is abnormally developed, which could result in decrease in leaf gas exchange ( A , E and gs ), chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv, Fm and Fv/Fm), and the chlorophyll content. Expression level of 7 differentially expressed genes involved in photosynthesis-related pathways is downregulated in male sterile lines of S. miltiorrhiza , which could explain the corresponding phenotypic changes in chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll content and leaf gas exchange. Transcriptomic analysis establishes the role of disproportionating enzyme 1 ( DPE1 ) as catalyzing the degradation of starch, and the role of sucrose synthase 3 ( SUS3 ) and cytosolic invertase 2 ( CINV2 ) as catalyzing the degradation of sucrose in the S. miltiorrhiza mutants. The results also confirm that phenylalanine ammonialyase ( PAL ) is involved in the biosynthesis of rosmarinic acid and salvianolic acid B, and flavone synthase ( FLS ) is an important enzyme catalyzing steps of flavonoid biosynthesis. Conclusions: Our results from the physiological and transcriptome analysis reveal underlying mechanism of plant growth and metabolic yield in male sterile mutants, and provide insight into the crop yield of S. miltiorrhiza.