uRNA and Cxbladder showed improved sensitivity for the detection of urothelial carcinoma compared to the NMP22 assays. Stratification with Cxbladder provides a potential method to prioritize patients for the management of waiting lists.

Purpose: This study aimed to develop gene classifiers to predict colorectal cancer recurrence.

NCT00936702.

The literature concerning the subcellular location of Y-box binding protein 1 (YB-1), its abundance in normal and cancer tissues, and its prognostic significance is replete with inconsistencies. An explanation for this could be due in part to the use of different antibodies in immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent labeling of cells and tissues. The inconsistencies could also be due to poor resolution of immunohistochemical data. We analyzed two cohorts of breast tumours for both abundance and subcellular location of YB-1 using three different antibodies; two targeting N-terminal epitopes (AB- a and AB- b) and another (AB- c) targeting a C-terminal epitope. We also investigated stress-induced nuclear translocation of YB-1 in cell culture. We report that both AB- a and AB- c detected increased YB-1 in the cytoplasm of high-grade breast cancers, and in those lacking estrogen and progesterone receptors; however the amount of YB-1 detected by AB- a in these cancers is significantly greater than that detected by AB- c. We confirm our previously published findings that AB- b is also detecting hnRNP A1, and cannot therefore be used to reliably detect YB-1 by immunohistochemistry. We also report that AB- a detected nuclear YB-1 in some tumour tissues and stress treated cells, whereas AB- c did not. To understand this, cancer cell lines were analyzed using native gel electrophoresis, which revealed that the antibodies detect different complexes in which YB-1 is a component. Our data suggest that different YB-1 antibodies show different staining patterns that are determined by the accessibility of epitopes, and this depends on the nature of the YB-1 complexes. It is important therefore to standardize the protocols if YB-1 is to be used reproducibly as a prognostic guide for different cancers.

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs), which are contained in the alpha, beta, gamma, mu, and nu genera, differ in their oncogenic potential and their tropism for cutaneous or mucosal epidermis. Langerhans cells (LC), the only epidermal professional antigen-presenting cells, are readily detected in normal mucosal and cutaneous epithelium. The aim of this study is to determine whether LC loss, which has been reported for HPV16, occurs in other HPV genera and establish its significance in viral pathology. We found that, as for HPV16, LCs were reduced in lesions infected with high-risk mucosal (alpha7 and alpha9 species) and low-risk cutaneous (gamma and mu) types. Lesions infected with alpha10 low-risk genital types had reduced LC but contained epidermal LC patches, coincident with dermis-localized regulatory T cells (T-regs). In contrast to other genera, LCs were common in the epidermis, and T-regs occupied the dermis of the potentially high-risk cutaneous beta-HPV type infected lesions. Therefore, LC loss in the infected lesions occurred irrespective of tropism or oncogenic potential of the HPV type. LC depletion in the HPV-infected epidermis may create an environment that is permissive for viral persistence and in HPV lesions in which LCs are found, the presence of typically immunosuppressive T-regs may compensate for their continued presence.