Urban water plays a significant role in the urban ecosystem, but urban water extraction is still a challenging task in automatic interpretation of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. The influence of radar shadows and strong scatters in urban areas may lead to misclassification in urban water extraction. Nevertheless, the local features captured by convolutional layers in Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are generally redundant and cannot make effective use of global information to guide the prediction of water pixels. To effectively emphasize the identifiable water characteristics and fully exploit the global information of SAR images, a modified Unet based on hybrid attention mechanism is proposed to improve the performance of urban water extraction in this paper. Considering the feature extraction ability and the global modeling capability in SAR image segmentation, the Channel and Spatial Attention Module (CSAM) and the Multi-head Self-Attention Block (MSAB) are both introduced into the proposed Hybrid Attention Unet (HA-Unet). In this work, Resnet50 is adopted as the backbone of HA-Unet to extract multi-level features of SAR images. During the feature extraction process, CSAM based on local attention is adopted to enhance the meaningful water features and ignore unnecessary features adaptively in feature maps of two shallow layers. In the last two layers of the backbone, MSAB is introduced to capture the global information of SAR images to generate global attention. In addition, two global attention maps generated by MSAB are aggregated together to reconstruct the spatial feature relationship of SAR images from high-resolution feature maps. The experimental results on Sentinel-1A SAR images show that the proposed urban water extraction method has a strong ability to extract water bodies in the complex urban areas. The ablation experiment and visualization results vividly indicate that both CSAM and MSAB contribute significantly to extracting urban water accurately and effectively.

A new Bayesian Network algorithm is proposed in this paper. When seeking more accurate results, this new algorithm, Negotiating Method with Competition and Redundancy (NMCR), has bigger scale in structure than other network models we proposed. Time needed for network training and speed in testing show that NMCR works well in estimating of arrival flight delay, especially in flight chains mainly operated in China.

The proliferation of massive polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data helps promote the development of SAR image interpretation. Due to the advantages of powerful feature extraction capability and strong adaptability for different tasks, deep learning has been adopted in the work of SAR image interpretation and has achieved good results. However, most deep learning methods only employ single-polarization SAR images and ignore the water features embedded in multi-polarization SAR images. To fully exploit the dual-polarization SAR data and multi-scale features of SAR images, an effective flood detection method for SAR images is proposed in this paper. In the proposed flood detection method, a powerful Multi-Scale Deeplab (MS-Deeplab) model is constructed based on the dual-channel MobileNetV2 backbone and the classic DeeplabV3+ architecture to improve the ability of water feature extraction in SAR images. Firstly, the dual-channel feature extraction backbone based on the lightweight MobileNetV2 separately trains the dual-polarization SAR images, and the obtained training parameters are merged with the linear weighting to fuse dual-polarization water features. Given the multi-scale space information in SAR images, then, a multi-scale feature fusion module is introduced to effectively utilize multi-layer features and contextual information, which enhances the representation of water features. Finally, a joint loss function is constructed based on cross-entropy and a dice coefficient to deal with the imbalanced categorical distribution in the training dataset. The experimental results on the time series of Sentinel-1A SAR images show that the proposed method for flood detection has a strong ability to locate water boundaries and tiny water bodies in complex scenes. In terms of quantitative assessment, MS-Deeplab can achieve a better performance compared with other mainstream semantic segmentation models, including PSPNet, Unet and the original DeeplabV3+ model, with a 3.27% intersection over union (IoU) and 1.69% pixel accuracy (PA) improvement than the original DeeplabV3+ model.

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Focusing highly squinted synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data of a short-range wide-swath (SRWS) region is a challenging task because the reference range linear range cell migration correction (LRCMC) and the inherent range-dependent squint angle produce two-dimensional (2-D) spatial-variant RCM and azimuth-dependent Doppler parameters. In this paper, a two-step imaging algorithm (strategy) based on a novel equidistant sphere model (ESM) is proposed to accommodate these issues. The ESM, which is used for depicting the spatial-variant property of the echo data, is established by an investigation into the property of the origin range after the keystone transform (KT) operation and the reference range RCMC. Based on the ESM, an azimuth-dependent high-order RCMC (ADH-RCMC) method is adopted in the first step to implement the residual azimuth-dependent RCMC. In the second step, a frequency extended nonlinear chirp scaling (FENLCS) algorithm is introduced to achieve the highly varying residual Doppler centroid correction and the azimuth-dependent high-order Doppler parameter equalization. Simulation results in the case of SRWS SAR demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed algorithm.INDEX TERMS synthetic aperture radar (SAR), short-range wide-swath (SRWS), equidistant sphere model (ESM), azimuth-dependent, frequency extended nonlinear chirp scaling (FENLCS).