Karlova univerzita v Praze, Fakulta sociálních věd, Institut sociologických studií Summary Within the framework of a research into the Family solidarity, which served as a basis of the article presented here, a questionnaire examination was employed to address more than 400 families taking care of seniors who were not self-sufficient. From these families, about 10% of seniors completed an independent questionnaire supplementing information by the point of view of the senior who experienced the care. The research was focused on dimensions of the family solidarity according to V. L. Bengtson, and in the present article, the emotional solidarity is dealt with, expressed by the degree of the reciprocity in the emotional relationship. In the first part of the article, the emotional solidarity is considered as one of basic components of the inter-generation solidarity with taking into account its importance in family relationships in the course of taking care of seniors. The second part is aimed at the emotional solidarity directed to factors affecting the relationships between the caregiver and the senior. For the analysis, the linear regression method was used and models based on it were independently established for different conditions: for home caregivers taking the care of seniors in households, and for institutional caregivers taking the care of seniors housed in institutions. Conclusions of the analysis suggest that the previous help and similarity of mutual relationships in the past are the most important factors affecting the contemporary emotional bonds in the relationship between the caregiver and the senior.

Abstract:The paper focuses on gender-in luenced differences in parents' social, time, economic and emotional investment in their children's education. The study is based on various articles and publications, predominantly from the USA, that could guide the direction for further investigation in the ield. In the Czech Republic, this type of study is still scarce. Current papers focus mostly on in luence of the education system itself, differences in learning abilities or ideas about the future professional path. Needless to say, the subject of in luence of the parental investment on children's educational performance is not investigated. The study shows, especially on the example of the USA, that parents participate more in the education of their daughters, in terms of parental involvement (in some aspects) and inancial transfers. These indings are then compared to the situation in economically similar countries of the South-East Asia, where the traditional patriarchal system of upbringing children is still very strong and in luences the educational aspirations of boy and girl students. The discussed studies and their indings support the claim of gender differentiation in educational support, when it comes not only to inancial transfers or emotional investment, but also the choice of school subjects.

The article discusses the relationship between educational attainment and the existence of cohabitation in the Czech Republic. Cohabitation of unmarried partners is a timely topic given a constant growth of this form of relationship in the Czech society, which almost tripled between the years 1991 and 2011. Based on data from the ISSP 2012 quantitative survey, the article seeks to demonstrate whether the educational attainment of an individual or his/her partner is associated with whether or not they cohabitate. Cohabitation is juxtaposed to marriage as well as to living-apart-together relationships, with partners living in different households. Where methodologically feasible, the findings are verified on data from the following surveys: European Value Study 2008, Our Society 2012 and European Social Survey 2012. However, most of the analyses rely exclusively on the more robust dataset of ISSP 2012. When split into the different categories of relationship and educational attainment, the other datasets analyzed did not provide sufficient samples for the necessary analyses. The article builds on the socioeconomic Rational Choice Theory (Becker) and normative theory (Inglehart, Van de Kaa). RCT is primarily applied to the relationship between education and postponing marriage or cohabitation, while normative theory provides a perspective on the effect of education-related values on alternative relationship preferences or the decision never to marry. In the analysis, we first verify whether educational attainment affects an individual's relationship form (cohabitation vs. marriage). To determine the association between specific variables, we applied the chi-square test of independence (for the education variable recoded into three categories) and the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U Test (for the original scale variable). We were unable to confirm an immediate relationship between education and cohabitation in either of the datasets analyzed-the same results were attained when the analysis was replicated on EVS 2008, Our Society March 2012 and ESS 2012 data. The authors suggest two possible interpretations of this finding. First, the perceived difference between long-term cohabitation and marriage is gradually decreasing in the Czech Republic. This argument is supported by the use of the term "de-facto marriage" as an equivalent of cohabitation in the Czech context. The second possible interpretation is based on the effect of factors that motivate both low-education and higher-education individuals to postpone marriage, namely lack of funds among the former and preference of education and career among the latter. In the second part of the analysis, we study the relationship between educational attainment and cohabitation versus living-apart-together relationships. We tested the relationship using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U Test on the original scale education variable. The analysis was performed on unmarried (divorced, widowed or single) individuals who have a partner. A difference was observed in the group of d...