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Key words:Profenofos -Histopathology-Caspase-3 -Biochemical-HormonesAntioxidants-Reproductive toxicity -Selenium-Liverkidneys -Rabbits.Profenofos is an Organophosphorous compound and acaricide used in Egypt with cumulative toxic effects causing reproductive dysfunction and increase in reactive oxygen species production. Protective and anti-oxidant effects of selenium can improve the activity of radical scavenger. So, the aim of this study was to elucidate the protective effects of Selenium against reproductive toxicity induced by Profenofos in male and female New Zealand rabbits (n=18). Three experimental groups (3 males and 3 females per each group) receiving a combination of Profenofos (70 mg/ kg b. w.) and/or selenium in drinking water (25 mg/ kg b. w.) for 90-day was divided as follows: non treated (control), Profenofos alone and Profenofos + selenium group. Profenofos caused a decrease in body and organs weights compared to control group. It had a fetotoxic effect resulting in a significant reduction in pregnancy rate and the number of viable feti in treated animals. Also, Profenofos caused a significant elevation in ALT, AST, MDA, urea and creatinine, while a significant decrease was noticed in SOD, GSH, testosterone, estrogen and progesterone in all treated rabbits compared to control group. Concomitant administration of selenium with Profenofos alleviated the induced alterations. In addition to, histopathological results revealed that testes, epididymis, ovary and uterus alterations represented by degenerative and inflammatory changes as a result of Profenofos exposure. Profenofos had a carcinogenic effect on uterus as leiomyoma with rhabdomyosarcoma which gave positive immunoreactivity with Desmin and Smooth muscle actin. Also, Profenofos caused histopathological and histochemical effects in liver and kidney tissues. There was intensive positive immunoreactivity for caspase-3 (dark brown granules) was observed in the cytoplasm of apoptotic testicular, ovarian and uterine cells that indicating the severity of Profenofos toxicity. On the other hand, examined tissues of Profenofos in combination with selenium treated group showed apparent reduction of caspase-3 immunoreactivity to be more or less similar to the control group. In conclusion, selenium is a valuable cytoprotective which reduced the oxidative stress toxicity induced by Profenofos in the reproductive system of male and female as well as liver and kidney albino rabbits.

The current study was performed to assess the risk and hazards of oral & dermal exposure to chlorpyrifos & cypermethrin mixture based on some reproductive & endocrine impaired parameters as well as histopathological alterations & histomorphometric study. Eighty-five Wister male rats (weighing 130-150g) were randomly classified into four groups (a, b, c and d). Each of group (a) and (b) were further subdivided into 5 subgroups used for determination of the oral and dermal LD50. While group (c) and (d) were classified into 3 subgroups which were used for oral and dermal treatments respectively. The first subgroups of (c) and (d) were considered as control. Rats of two subgroups (c) treated orally by 2 doses 4.26 mg/kg (1/20 LD50) and 2.84 mg/kg(1/30 LD50). Rats of two subgroups (d) treated by dermal application of 2 doses70.85mg/kg (1/30 LD50) and 42.51 mg/kg (1/50 LD50). The experiment was conducted for 65 consecutive days. The results revealed that, the tested pesticides mixture caused a significant reduction in reproductive organs weights, sperm count, sperm motility percent, alive sperm percent, pseudocholinesterase and serum testosterone levels in all treated groups especially the dermally treated groups (P≤0.05), moreover there was azoospermia in most of the group of rats treated with high dermal dose. The treated groups showed a significant increase in sperm abnormalities and composite score which represent sperm DNA fragmentation. Moderate to severe histopatholoical alterations were detected in testis and epididymis of treated rats in a dose and route dependant manner in the form of germ cell desquamation, multinucleated giant cells formation and leydig cell vacuolization with disturbance in spermatogenesis. Moreover the histomorphometric parameters analysis detected significant (P≤0.05) reduction of diameter, thickness, endothelium height & lumen of seminiferous tubules and also significant reduction of sertoli cell population. There was significant increase of blood vessel wall thickness.These results indicated that the tested formulation had synergistic effects and induced significant harmful effects on male reproductive system which were more pronounced with dermal exposure.

Fluoride anion is an agent which contributes to the dental protection and prevents osteoporosis in small doses, but in case of excessive exposure, it can interfere with metabolic pathways involving lipids, carbohydrates and proteins. Propolis is a compound formed by honeybees and considered as a common antioxidant. This study was designed to investigate the beneficial role of propolis as natural antioxidant against chronic sodium fluoride hepato-renal toxicity in albino rabbits. Four experimental groups receiving a combination of sodium fluoride (10 mg/ kg body weight/day) and/or propolis (25 mg/ kg body weight/day) for 60-day was divided as follows: no treatment (control), sodium fluoride alone, propolis alone and sod fluoride + propolis. Histopathological and histochemical results revealed that tissue alterations in both liver and kidney were present only in fluoride treated group. There was hepatocellular necrosis, extensive vacuolization and inflammatory cell infiltrations in the liver. However, the kidneys exhibited increasing amounts of cloudy swellings, degeneration of tubular epithelia, tissue necrosis, and extensive vacuolization in renal tubules as well as atrophy of glomeruli, interstitial oedema and interstitial nephritis. These hepato-renal toxic disturbances induced by fluoride reflect functional and structural alterations in the tissues. On the other hand, administration of propolis either alone or combined with sod fluoride pronounced or even complete recovery this hepato-renal toxicity. In addition to, the morphological analysis of apoptosis of liver and kidney tissues showed massive necrosis and increased rate of apoptosis in sodium fluoride only treated group. While in Propolis only and /or fluoride treated groups, there was low level in apoptosis. The conclusion of the present study suggests that the propolis is strong antioxidants and free radical scavengers that ameliorated the chronic hepato-renal toxicity induced by sodium fluoride in the albino rabbits.