Background: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a cyclic disorder that affects social activities, interpersonal relationship, and educational productivity of adolescents. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effect of whole body vibration (WBV) and resistive exercise on premenstrual symptoms in adolescents with PMS. Methods: Sixty adolescents, aged 16-19 years and with body mass index > 19.9 kg/m 2 , participated in the study. They were randomly assigned to three groups equal in number. Control group received magnesium (Mg) (250 g) and vitamin B6 supplementation once daily. Resistive exercise group received the same supplementations and resistive exercise for three times/week, while the WBV group received the same supplementations and WBV training three times/week for 12 weeks. Premenstrual syndrome questionnaire (PMSQ) was used to evaluate premenstrual symptoms, including anxiety symptoms (PMS-A), depression symptoms (PMS-D), craving symptoms (PMS-C), hyperhydration symptoms (PMS-H), other symptoms, cramp, and low back pain. Results: Pair-wise comparison test revealed a significant decrease (p = 0.000) in PMS-A, PMS-C, PMS-D, PMS-H, other symptoms, cramp, and low back pain of the resistive exercise group and WBV group after treatment. However, there was only a significant decrease in PMS-C (p = 0.03) of the control group after treatment. Post hoc test showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the resistive group and WBV group in all PMS symptoms after treatment. Conclusions: Passive muscular training using WBV has a similar effect to resistive exercise on premenstrual symptoms that affect the quality of life in adolescents with PMS.

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Background: Nearly half of the world's population currently has headaches, which are the most prevalent neurologic complaint. The prevalence of headaches reduces with age, yet it is nevertheless a typical neurologic condition among elderly populations. Purpose: In this study, an Arabic-language adaptation of the Headache Impact Test questionnaire internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, feasibility, face validity, and content validity were examined in patients with headaches. Methods: In this study, 90 patients with headaches, ages 18 to 65, and three expert panels, each with ten specialists, took part. Backward translation, preliminary initial translation, forward translation, creation of the pre final version, and expert testing of the pre final version. Both the clarity and the proportion of relevance were evaluated by separate panels. The previous panel of experts evaluated the pre final version. The final version was then put to the test on actual patients. For statistical analysis, the Clarity Index, Expert Proportion of Relevance, Descriptive Statistics, Missed Item Index, Cronbach's Alpha, and Intra-rater Class Correlation Coefficient were used. Results: According to the study, the Arabic version of the Headache Impact Test has great face validity with a scale index of clarity of 93.33% and outstanding content validity of 98.33%; with a scale feasibility all items were filled out on 100% of the sheets. The Intraclass correlation coefficient between the test and the retest was 0.990, while Cronbach's alpha was 0.865. Conclusion:The Headache Impact Test questionnaire in Arabic has sufficient internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and face and content validity to quantify the severity of headache in Arabic-speaking headache patients.

BackgroundThe hip abductors and adductors play an important role in the stability of the hip and knee joints and knee injury risk. Menstrual cycle is associated with hormones fluctuations that may affect functions of muscles and ligaments and increase the knee risk injury. However, their effect on the abductors and adductors performance is still unknown, which may be a step in developing conditioning programs to reduce injury risk. ObjectivesThis study aimed to examine the effect of hormones variation during menstrual cycle on abductor and adductor muscles performance in sedentary college students. Patients and methodsTwenty-four college students completed the study protocol. Their age and BMI ranged from 19 to 25 years and 25-29.9 kg/m 2 , respectively. Levels of estradiol, progesterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone were measured. Biodex system 3-isokinetic dynamometer was used to measure isokinetic parameters of hip abductor and adductor muscles including peak torque, maximum work, total work, average power, work repetition number, work fatigue percentage, angle of peak torque, acceleration time, and deceleration time. Measurements were taken during early follicular (1-3 days) and mid-luteal phases (21-23 days), which were detected using basal body temperature method. ResultsThere were significant increases in estradiol (P=0.0001), progesterone (P=0.002), peak torque of hip abductors (P=0.03) and adductors (P=0.04), maximum work of hip abductors (P=0.01), total work of hip abductors (P=0.01) and adductors (P=0.02), and average power of hip abductors (P=0.0.01) and adductors (P=0.02) during the mid-luteal phase compared with the early follicular phase. ConclusionsAbductor and adductor muscles strength changes with the surging levels of estradiol and progesterone during normal menstrual cycle that need to be considered in strengthening exercises for sedentary college students to avoid injury risk.