Abstract. In December 2006, Rift Valley fever (RVF) was diagnosed in humans in Garissa Hospital, Kenya and an outbreak reported affecting 11 districts. Entomologic surveillance was performed in four districts to determine the epidemic/epizootic vectors of RVF virus (RVFV). Approximately 297,000 mosquitoes were collected, 164,626 identified to species, 72,058 sorted into 3,003 pools and tested for RVFV by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Seventyseven pools representing 10 species tested positive for RVFV, including Aedes mcintoshi/circumluteolus (26 pools), Aedes ochraceus (23 pools), Mansonia uniformis (15 pools); Culex poicilipes , Culex bitaeniorhynchus (3 pools each); Anopheles squamosus , Mansonia africana (2 pools each); Culex quinquefasciatus , Culex univittatus , Aedes pembaensis (1 pool each). Positive Ae. pembaensis , Cx. univittatus , and Cx. bitaeniorhynchus was a first time observation. Species composition, densities, and infection varied among districts supporting hypothesis that different mosquito species serve as epizootic/ epidemic vectors of RVFV in diverse ecologies, creating a complex epidemiologic pattern in East Africa.

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We conducted a prospective cohort study to determine prevalence and incidence of West Nile virus (WNV) in Egypt. Cohorts were established in Upper (UE), Middle (ME), and Lower (LE) Egypt. Additionally, a cross-sectional serosurvey was performed in the North (NS) and South (SS) Sinai. Cohorts were bled initially and 1 year later. Sera were tested for WNV-IgG by ELISA and positive sera were confirmed by plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT). Sentinel chicken flocks placed in the above sites were bled monthly for virus isolation and serology. Mosquitoes were collected monthly from the above sites and tested for WNV. Human seroprevalence rates were 35%, 27%, 14%, 1% and 7% in UE, ME, LE, NS and SS, respectively. Seroconversion rates were 18%, 17% and 7% in UE, ME and LE, respectively; 49% of the seroconverters reported undiagnosed febrile illness. Sentinel chickens showed seroconversion in all study sites. WNV was isolated from both sentinel chickens and mosquitoes in cohort sites. This study demonstrates that WNV was actively circulating during the study period in different areas in Egypt and causing febrile illness in a considerable proportion of individuals in the study sites.

This article described the existence of Pancasila as an ideology which has several important functions to regulate the life of the nation and state.Especially through the principles of Indonesian unity. The method used is library research or library research. The results showed that Pancasila was an unifying national ideology that was right for the Indonesian nation, as a new instrument should be held in order to reactualize the values of Pancasila in Indonesian society. A great nation is a nation that is able to withstand its ideology by maintaining a unity in it as a whole.

Curriculum of 2013 has been started in schools appointed as the implementer. This curriculum, for English subject demands the students to improve their skills. To reach this one of the suggested method is discovery learning since this method is considered appropriate to implement for increasing the students' ability especially to fulfill minimum criteria of success at school. This study is experimental study with one group pretest-posttest design. Its purpose is to know whether or not discovery learning model implementation could increase students' listening score and social attitude in accordance with curriculum implementation. The subjects of this study are 37 students of class X IPA 5 Public High School 2 Jember in their 2 nd semester of 2015/2016 academic year. The method used to collect data in the study is test. The research design is one group pretest-posttest design where there is only one group receiving the treatment which result is assessed by pre-test and post-test. The finding shows that there are improvement of both students' listening and attitude scores. Based on data analysis it is concluded that the implementation of discovery learning model could increase students' listening score and social attitude, with significance value of 0,005 (z =-2,823, p < 0,001), with medium effect size for listening score and significance value of 0,000 (-4,875, p < 0,001), with large effect size for social attitude.