AbstractIn this study, the effects of using gasoline (E0) and gasoline-ethanol blends E70 on engine performance and exhaust emissions have been experimentally investigated. The investigation was conducted on a single-cylinder, four-stroke, spark ignition engine. The experiments were performed by varying the compression ratio and duration injection (100%, 125%, 150%, 175% and 200%) at a speed of 2000 up to 8000 rpm at full open throttle. The experimental results showed that blending gasoline with ethanol slightly increased the torque and decreased Carbon Monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions. It was also found that blending with ethanol allows increasing the compression ratio without knock occurrence.

Biomass has been known as a source of energy with a thermochemical process that produces heat and can be converted further into electricity. However, thermal energy losses are a huge problem during combustion. To overcome this problem, a system based on organic Rankine cycle (ORCs) was developed to recover and utilize them to generate electricity. The proposed ORCs include an evaporator, a turbine, a condenser, and a pump coupled with a biomass carbonizing system to create a promising technology for small-scale electricity generation. In this work, a thermodynamic modelling equation based on energy and exergy balances was briefly expressed for each subcomponent of the system. A case study with R134a as the working fluid is being investigated to validate the system’s performance. In addition to the effects of R134a on temperature at the turbine exit, the suitable operating pressures has been specially adopted from several valid journals that focused on the effects of a wide range of possible operating pressure on the working fluid characteristics, which have a significant effect on the system performance. Finally, the theoretical analysis shows that the turbine work is profitable at an inlet pressure of 5 bar and an outlet pressure of 2 bar. This system is recommended to be integrated into the thermochemical biomass process. Recommendations have been made for the future development of small-scale biomass-fuelled power generation systems. This study shows that the thermal losses of the biomass thermochemical processes can be theoretically recovered in the form of electricity by using ORC efficiently.

This research utilizes corncob waste as activated carbon to be adsorbent. The objective of this research is to obtain the effect of corncob and sago powder as matrix composition in reducing vehicle exhaust gas emission. The composition used is 60 grams in every dough. It will be tested three times experimental which is 80:20, 70:30, 60:40 of corncob and sago powder variation of the composition, respectively. The result shows that the number of CO, HC, and CO 2 decreases to 0.24%, 75.87%, and 5.9%, respectively. The conclusion from this research show that activated carbon from corncob greatly affect exhaust gas emissions in a vehicle.

The quality of liquid smoke and charcoal product yield can be improved by conducting pyrolysis process through indirect heating process. However, a great huge of energy is required to reach the exact operating temperature. In this experiment, slow pyrolysis of coconut shell is performed for liquid smoke and charcoal production using indirect method where the feedstock is just heated in a tube by using LPG as the heat source. The effect of feedstock size and the operating temperature on the liquid smoke and charcoal yields are investigated by varying the coconut shell sizes in the ranges of 1 to 7 cm2, while the operating temperature is expected as low as possible to reduce the energy required. The optimum process conditions for maximizing the two products yields and quality were also identified to meet the user requirement. The various characteristics of liquid smoke obtained under the optimum conditions for maximum yield are identified based on standard test methods. Data from a simple way of charcoal and liquid smoke production during preliminary research of this study indicated that the coconut shell sizes, and the operating temperatures are the crucial parameter during process.

This research utilizes corncob waste for making bioethanol by RON 109. The objective of this research is to get the best performace of exhaust emission by mixing gasoline RON 90 from E5, E10, E15, E20, to E25, and 10:1, 11:1 and 12:1 of compression ratio. In addition, the control variable covered 1400 rpm, 2400 rpm, and 3400 rpm engine speed. The testing data of exhaust emission was taken only on the carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC). The result on this biethanol from corncob waste showed that the lowest exhaust emission on carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon and recom mended to be used was found on E10 fuels at 10:1 compression ratio, and E20 fuels at 11:1 compression ratio. The result obtained from this research demonstrated that the carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions that produced by corncob waste bioethanol were environmently friendly compared to gasoline use only (E0).