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Keys for graphs incorporate the topology and value constraints needed to uniquely identify entities in a graph. They have been studied to support object identification, knowledge fusion, and social network reconciliation. Existing key constraints identify entities as the matches of a graph pattern by subgraph isomorphism, which enforce label equality on node types. These constraints can be too restrictive to characterize structures and node labels that are syntactically different but semantically equivalent. We propose a new class of key constraints, Ontological Graph Keys (OGKs) that extend conventional graph keys by ontological subgraph matching between entity labels and an external ontology. We show that the implication and validation problems for OGKs are each NP-complete. To reduce the entity matching cost, we also provide an algorithm to compute a minimal cover for OGKs. We then study the entity matching problem with OGKs, and a practical variant with a budget on the matching cost. We develop efficient algorithms to perform entity matching based on a (budgeted) Chase procedure. Using real-world graphs, we experimentally verify the efficiency and accuracy of OGK-based entity matching.

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Cables modified with flame retardants are widely used in the coal mining process to enhance their fire safety performance. This paper investigates experimentally and numerically the thermo-oxidative degradation process of PVC-based mining cable sheath, which consists of PVC resin and plasticizers (Phthalate esters), fillers (Calcium carbonate), and flame retardant (Antimony trioxide) as additives. Thermogravimetry coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR) experiments were performed at different heating rates in an air atmosphere. TG results showed that the decomposition processes of mining PVC cable sheath are more complicated than those of pure PVC with additional degradation steps, which was further confirmed by FTIR gas analysis. A deconvolution method was used to distinguish the independent reactions from the overlapped derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) peaks. It was found that the whole degradation process can be divided into seven steps, based on which an oxidative pyrolysis model was developed: pyrolysis of plasticizers (steps 1 and 2), dehydrogenation (step 3), emission and combustion of volatile fraction (step 4), carbon combustion (step 5), oxidative pyrolysis of complicated additives (step 6), and decomposition of residues (step 7). The kinetic triplets (activation energy, pre-exponential factor, and reaction model function) for each reaction were firstly calculated using three commonly used model-free methods and then further optimized using the genetic algorithm (GA). Based on the optimized parameters, the reaction mechanisms and their associated kinetic parameters were determined. The findings of this study are important in understanding the oxidative pyrolysis process of PVC cable sheath, and the obtained kinetic parameters can also be used for its pyrolysis and fire modeling, waste recycling, and risk assessment.