Microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi can cause serious health and hygiene problems for this reason, products with antimicrobial activity gains importance day by day. As is known, textile products can also provide a suitable environment for the development of microorganisms. In this context, we aimed to develop textile products which can provide antimicrobial and antifungal effect. For this purpose, woolen fabrics were dyed with onion (Allium cepa) skins and juice of gilaburu (Viburnum opulus) plant fruit in our study. The dyeings were carried out without using of any mordanting agent and no prior extraction of the herbal sources was carried out in other words these natural dye sources (onion skins and juice of Viburnum opulus plant fruit) were directly added to the dye bath. Samples after dyeing with these natural dye sources were tested in terms of antimicrobial activity using two bacteria (Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aeroginosa) and a yeast strain (Candida albicans). Meanwhile the dyed samples were also investigated in terms of obtained colors. For this purpose, color measurement of the dyed samples has been managed and color efficiencies and color values has been collected. After the evaluation of the results, it was observed that onion (Allium cepa) skin and gilaburu (Viburnum opulus) fruit juice had an antimicrobial effect. While the dyed fabric with Viburnum opulus juice showed higher activity on bacterial strains, the onion skin had a higher effect on the yeast. Viburnum opulus provided the highest activity on E. coli, whereas onion skins showed the highest activity on C. albicans. Meanwhile it was observed that different colors can be obtained with the use of these tested natural dye sources

Taxonomic classification of the genus Echinops (Asteraceae) is still unclear, mostly because of the small morphological differences between the species. Estimation of genome size is helpful in species identification and in establishing a relationship between them; however, nuclear DNA content has been established for only 25% of known Echinops species. In the present study, in addition to the chromosome number, the DNA content of species in 22 taxa belonging to 3 sections (Echinops, Oligolepis, and Ritropsis) was estimated using flow cytometry; 9 of the species are endemic to Turkey. For 16 of the species this is the first report on their genome size. The chromosome numbers of the studied species were 2n = 28, 30, 32, or 34; the 2C DNA content ranged from 5.55 to 13.96 pg, and the mean DNA content per chromosome from 0.19 to 0.45 pg. The possible chromosome rearrangements during evolution of the genus are discussed. It is suggested that the ancestral section of the genus Echinops is Oligolepis, and the most modern one Echinops. The results allowed for the verification of the taxonomic position of some Echinops species, which previously were classified based only on morphological characteristics.

The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of different extracts from Echinops antayensis C.Vural. Antimicrobial activity was estimated against several common human pathogenic bacterial strains using the agar disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration assays. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH radical-scavenging assay and total phenolic content methods. On the light of these experiments, E. antalyensis would seem to be an important natural antioxidant. This study is first report on the biological activity of E. antalyensis as regarded new species from Turkey.

Cyperus eragrostis and C. microiria were recorded for the first time from Turkey in this study. Descriptions of the taxa were improved. Morphological characteristics of these species were investigated. Geographical distributions and IUCN threat categories of these species were reported. Özet Cyperus eragrostis ve C. microiria türleri Türkiye'den ilk kez bu çalışmada kayıt edilmiş. Türlere ait morfolojik karakterler araştırılarak taksonların tür tanımları geliştirilmiştir. Aynı zamanda türlerin coğrafik yayılışları ve IUCN tehlike kategorileri de bu çalışma kapsamında verilmiştir.

Abstract:The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of different extracts from Echinops emiliae Schwarz ex P. H. Davis. Antimicrobial activity was estimated against several common human pathogenic bacterial strains using the agar disc diffusion and minimal inhibitory concentration assays. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the total flavanoid and total phenolic content methods. On the light of these experiments, E. emiliae would seem to be an important natural antioxidant. Antimicrobial and antioxidant of E. emiliae have not been reported up to now. The results of this study obviously reported that the antimicrobial and antifungal activity could be change with used extracts. Also, the micro dilution method was more sensitive than disk diffusion. This study is first report on the biological activity of E. emiliae as regarded endemic species from Turkey. The results show that E. emiliae could use in the treatment of some illness.