Lutein is particularly known to help maintain normal visual function by absorbing and attenuating the blue light that strikes the retina in our eyes. The effect of overexposure to blue light on our eyes due to the excessive use of electronic devices is becoming an issue of modern society due to insufficient dietary lutein consumption through our normal diet. There has, therefore, been an increasing demand for lutein-containing dietary supplements and also in the food industry for lutein supplementation in bakery products, infant formulas, dairy products, carbonated drinks, energy drinks, and juice concentrates. Although synthetic carotenoid dominates the market, there is a need for environmentally sustainable carotenoids including lutein production pathways to match increasing consumer demand for natural alternatives. Currently, marigold flowers are the predominant natural source of lutein. Microalgae can be a competitive sustainable alternative, which have higher growth rates and do not require arable land and/or a growth season. Currently, there is no commercial production of lutein from microalgae, even though astaxanthin and β-carotene are commercially produced from specific microalgal strains. This review discusses the potential microalgae strains for commercial lutein production, appropriate cultivation strategies, and the challenges associated with realising a commercial market share.

In this study, FeSO 4 supplementation ranging from 0 to 4.5 mM, and MgSO 4 supplementation ranging from 0 to 5.1 mM were investigated to observe the effect on the population dynamics, biochemical composition and fatty acid content of mixed microalgae grown in Anaerobic Liquid Digestate (ALD). Overall, 3.1 mM FeSO 4 addition into ALD increased the total protein content 60% and led to highest biomass (1.56 g L −1 ) and chlorophyll-a amount (18.7 mg L −1 ) produced. Meanwhile, 0.4 mM MgSO 4 addition increased the total carotenoid amount 2.2 folds and slightly increased the biomass amount. According to the microbial community analysis, Diphylleia rotans, Synechocystis PCC-6803 and Chlorella sorokiniana were identified as mostly detected species after confirmation with 4 different markers. The abundance of Chlorella sorokiniana and Synechocystis PCC-6803 increased almost 2 folds both in iron and magnesium addition. On the other hand, the dominancy of Diphylleia rotans was not affected by iron addition while drastically decreased (95%) with magnesium addition. This study helps to understand how the dynamics of symbiotic life changes if macro elements are added to the ALD and reveal that microalgae can adapt to adverse environmental conditions by fostering the diversity with a positive effect on high value product.Microalgae, having no need for arable land, is an attractive source of high value products by their rapid growth. However, the main obstacle to the commercialization of algae-derived products is the high cost of production 1 . To overcome this high capital investments and operation costs, high-value co-products such as pigments, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates should be produced to improve the economics of microalgae applications 2 along with wastewater treatment, which is a source to obtain nutrients at a low cost. Anaerobic digestion is biodegradation of nutrient rich biomass, which is commonly used for organic matter stabilization and biogas production. Unfortunately, this process leads to produce Anaerobic Liquid Digestate (ALD) 3 , which is extremely high in ammonia and orthophosphate. Even though direct land application is considered as the most cost-effective solution due to high soil remediation properties in agriculture and reducing the cost of the logistics 4 , characteristics of the digestion effluent can cause phytotoxic effects in plants and/or contaminate the groundwater 5 . In this aspect, microalgae can be efficiently grown in liquid digestate and stabilize the effluent without any further treatment.The effect of macro elements such as nitrogen and phosphorus on microalgae and its biochemical composition has been the focus of research. However, other macro elements such as iron and magnesium play also a critical role in a variety of metabolic pathways important for microalgae. For instance, iron (Fe) is a crucial micronutrient for almost all living organisms because of its role in metabolic processes such as DNA synthesis, respiration, and photosynthesis. It works as a cofactor for enzymes ...

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The study aims to evaluate the vismodegib treatment in local advanced (laBCC) and metastatic (mBCC) basal cell carcinoma. The data of 29 patients were retrospectively reviewed. The clinical and histopathological features of the patients and adverse events of vismodegib were recorded. Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were evaluated with Kaplan-Meier analysis. The median follow-up period was 17 months (range: 1.6-57.3), and the median age at diagnosis 73 years (range: 39-88). The most common disease location was head and neck (86.2%), and the most common non-skin sites of disease were lymph nodes (13.8%), bone (13.8%), lung (6.9%), and brain (6.9%). Three (10.3%) patients had Gorlin's syndrome. The number of metastatic patients was 5 (17.2%). With vismodegib treatment, the complete response rate was 27.6%, partial response 55.2%, and stable response 10.3%. Treatment responses were most frequently seen within 2 months from the beginning of vismodegib. The median OS was 43.3 ± 9.0 months (25.6-61.1) for all patients. The median PFS in the laBCC was 15.7 ± 1.8 months (12.2-19.3), and 12.1 ± 4.6 months (2.9-21.2) in the mBCC. In the univariable analysis for the OS, only the treatment after the vismodegib was statistically significant, showing chemotherapy was better comparing to no treatment or surgery. The most common adverse events were fatigue-58.6%, muscle spasms-48.3%, alopecia-13.8%, and weight loss-13.8%. This real-life data study shows that vismodegib treatment in locally advanced and metastatic BCC was well tolerated and effective.