Grapes are one of the most commonly produced fruit crops in the world and are consumed as table grapes, wine grapes and dried grapes. In line with consumer demands, seedlessness continues to be an important feature that increases the chances of marketing grapes. Nearly all of the dried grapes that are offered to the world markets are seedless grapes. In addition, the demand for seedless varieties has increased steadily in the table grape trade over the years. Therefore, the production of new seedless grape varieties with large berries that are suitable for table consumption is one of the important goals of breeding studies in viticulture. In this study, recently bred and released new seedless grape varieties are briefly introduced, seedless grape breeding methods are summarised, and the latest developments in breeding methods are explained.
Red wines are typically high in phenolic and antioxidant capacity and both of which can be increased by vinification techniques. This study employed 3 vinification techniques to assess the increase in phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity. Wines were obtained from Boğazkere grape cultivar by techniques of classical maceration, cold maceration combined with ultraviolet light (UV) irradiation, and thermovinification combined with UV irradiation and changes in phenolic contents were examined. Total phenolic and anthocyanin contents and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity of wines were measured spectrophotometrically and phenolic contents (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, rutin, quercetin, trans-resveratrol, and cis-resveratrol were measured by High Pressure Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detection (HPLC-DAD). As a result of the study, the highest phenolic content except for quercetin was measured in the wines obtained by thermovinification combined with UV irradiation. We demonstrated that the highest phenolic compounds with health effect, total phenolic compounds, total anthocyanin, and antioxidant activity were obtained from thermovinification with UV-C treatment than classical wine making.
In this study, seeds, skins and stems of the red wine grape varieties Boğazkere, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Nero d’Avola, Sangiovese and Syrah grown in Turkey were analysed for their phenolic compounds. The highest total phenolic compound and DPPH were found in the stem of Boğazkere respectively as 62550 mg GAE/kg dw and 614 µmol/g dw; the highest ABTS•+, (+)-catechin, (–)-epicatechin were detected in the seed of Nero d’Avola respectively as 617 µmol trolox/g dw, 8650 mg/kg and 1902 mg/kg dw; the highest total anthocyanin and rutin were measured in the skin of Boğazkere respectively as 143.52 mg/kg dw and 9692 mg/kg dw; the highest quercetin was found in the seed of Boğazkere as 49.21 mg/kg dw and the highest trans-resveratrol was measured in the stem of Syrah as 61.56 mg/kg dw.
Fenolik bileşikler özellikle sağlığın ve sağlıklı beslenmenin ön plana çıktığı son zamanlarda, üzerinde en yoğun çalışılan konulardan birisi olmuştur. Üzümlerin kabuk, çekirdek, yaprak ve salkım iskeletlerinde bulunan fenolik bileşiklerin sağlık üzerine kanıtlanmış yararları mevcuttur. Vitis vinifera L. türüne ait çeşitlerde insan sağlığına pozitif katkıları olan fenolik içerikler ile ilgili çok sayıda araştırma mevcut olmasına rağmen, Vitis labrusca L. genotipleri ile ilgili araştırmalar yok denecek kadar az sayıdadır. Bu sebeple araştırmada Türkiye’nin Karadeniz bölgesinde yetiştiriciliği yapılan on altı adet kırmızı Vitis labrusca L. genotipinin kabuk, çekirdek, salkım iskeleti ve yapraklarında toplam fenolik bileşik, antioksidan kapasite ve toplam antosiyanin düzeylerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Ayrıca insan sağlığına olan yararları bilinmekte olan kateşin, epikateşin ve trans-resveratrol içerikleri de tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre analiz edilen örneklerde toplam fenolik bileşik içeriği 115.650-5.650 mg GAE kg-1 KA, antioksidan kapasite düzeyi 709-45 µmol troloks g-1 KA, toplam antosiyanin miktarı 32.788-2.037 mg kg-1, kateşin, epikateşin ve trans-resveratrol düzeyleri ise sırasıyla 13.131-0 mg kg-1 KA, 5.080-0 mg kg-1 KA, 98-0 mg kg-1 KA aralıklarında belirlenmiştir. En yüksek toplam fenolik bileşik içeriği Steuben çeşidinin salkım iskeletinde, en yüksek antioksidan kapasite Champbell Early çeşidinin çekirdeğinde ve en yüksek toplam antosiyanin içeriği Vailant çeşidinin kabuğunda saptanmıştır. İnsan sağlığına olan faydaları ile tanınan trans-resveratrol düzeyi ise en yüksek miktarda 98 mg kg-1 KA olarak yine Steuben çeşidinin yapraklarında ölçülmüştür. Vitis labrusca türü Karadeniz bölgesinin nemli iklimine dayanıklı tek türdür ancak bölgede yetiştiriciliği yapılan bu genotipler sofralık tüketimde tercih edilmemektedirler. Araştırma sonuçlarında yüksek fenolik bileşik içeriklerine sahip oldukları ortaya konmuş olan Vitis labrusca kabuk, çekirdek, salkım iskeleti ve yapraklarının yeni doğal antioksidan kaynakları olarak kullanılabileceği ve bu sayede önemli ekonomik faydaların sağlanabileceği düşünülmektedir.
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