Due to the focused pursuit of economic growth in the process of the large-scale urban development of China, the phenomena of low land use efficiency and discordance of land use induce unwanted economic, social, and environmental costs. This paper presents a comprehensive study of urban land use efficiency and of the degree of land use coordination of 33 cities in China, using theoretical analysis, data envelopment analysis, principal component analysis, the coordination coefficient method, and four-quadrant analysis. The findings of this study suggest a gradually increasing proportion of land use efficiency from eastern to central and western regions of China, coinciding with China's pattern of socioeconomic development. No correlation was found between high levels of urban land use efficiency and the degree of land use coordination; however, a significant correlation was found between low land use efficiency and low degrees of land use coordination. Rational land use planning and policy design can effectively improve both urban land use efficiency and coordination.

A B S T R A C TSince the housing marketization reform, China's real estate industry has rapidly developed and commercial housing prices have risen sharply. The main reason for this is the speculative demand for housing, which breaks the equilibrium of supply and demand, leading to housing prices deviating from their basic value. The housing market in China is not isolated by province, since speculative behavior in one part of the country can affect other regions. This paper analyzes the spatial relevance in housing prices among different provinces in China by calculating Moran's I index and by measuring the speculation degree through spatial autoregressive model (SAR), a spatial economic model combined with a spatial weight matrix. For commercial housing speculation degree measurement and comparison, 31 provinces in China were chosen along with the following variables: housing prices, personal disposable income, one-year personal housing mortgage rates, housing prices growing rates, the rent, amount of residential investment, and the construction areas of houses. The results show that China's housing prices have a clear interaction among the selected cities, and that housing speculation behavior also influences each other in space. Although there are speculation activities in China, from a global perspective the degree of speculation, which varies from region to region, is still just within internationally acceptable limits. Although there are some regions with high degrees of housing speculation, the speculation is not yet China-wide.

We examine the human development consequences of FDI. We propose an inverted-U shaped relationship between inward FDI and human development in a host country. We also suggest this effect weakens with strong host-country institutions. Our analysis, based on a dataset of 139 countries over 15 years, supports our hypotheses.

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