Malware has become a major threat to cyberspace security, not only because of the increasing complexity of malware itself, but also because of the continuously created and produced malicious code. In this paper, we propose two novel methods to solve the malware identification problem. One is to solve to malware classification. Different from traditional machine learning, our method introduces the ensemble models to solve the malware classification problem. The other is to solve malware family clustering. Different from the classic malware family clustering algorithm, our method introduces the t-SNE algorithm to visualize the feature data and then determines the number of malware families. The two proposed novel methods have been extensively tested on a large number of real-world malware samples. The results show that the first one is far superior to the existed individual models and the second one has a good adaptation ability. Our methods can be used for malicious code classification and family clustering, also with higher accuracy.

A novel halogen-free flame retardant containing sulfonamide, 1,3,5,7-tetrakis (phenyl-4-sulfonamide) adamantane (FRSN) was synthesized and used for improving the flame retardancy of largely used polycarbonate (PC). The flame-retardant properties of the composites with incorporation of varied amounts of FRSN were analyzed by techniques including limited oxygen index, UL 94 vertical burning, and cone calorimeter tests. The new FR system with sulfur and nitrogen elements showed effective improvements in PC’s flame retardancy: the LOI value of the modified PC increased significantly, smoke emission suppressed, and UL 94 V-0 achieved. Typically, the composite with only 0.08 wt% of FRSN added (an ultralow content) can increase the limiting oxygen index (LOI) value to 33.7% and classified as UL 94 V-0 rating. Furthermore, the mechanical properties and SEM morphology indicated that the FRSN has very good compatibility with PC matrix, which, in turn, is beneficial to the property enhancement. Finally, the analysis of sample residues after burning tests showed that a high portion of char was formed, contributing to the PC burning protection. This synthesized flame retardant provides a new way of improving PC’s flame retardancy and its mechanical property.

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