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Bentonite cement paste (BCP) is among the grouting materials used widely in large-pore grouting and karst cave treatment. The mechanical properties of bentonite cement paste (BCP) will be improved by additional basalt fibers (BF). In this study, the effects of basalt fiber (BF) contents and their lengths on the rheological and mechanical properties of bentonite cement paste (BCP) have been examined. Yield stress (YS), plastic viscosity (PV), unconfined compressive strength (UCS), and splitting tensile strength (STS) were used to evaluate the rheological and mechanical properties of basalt fiber-reinforced bentonite cement paste (BFBCP). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) characterize microstructure development. The results indicate that the Bingham model can provide the rheological behavior of basalt fibers and bentonite cement paste (BFBCP). The yield stress (YS) and plastic viscosity (PV) increase as the content and length of basalt fiber (BF) increase. The effect of fiber content on yield stress (YS) and plastic viscosity (PV) is greater than that of fiber length. The addition of basalt fiber (BF) enhanced the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and splitting tensile strength (STS) of basalt fiber-reinforced bentonite cement paste (BFBCP) at the optimum basalt fiber (BF) content of 0.6%. The optimum basalt fiber (BF) content tends to increase as curing age increases. The basalt fiber length of 9 mm is the most effective for improving unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and splitting tensile strength (STS). The large increments in unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and splitting tensile strength (STS) were 19.17% and 28.21% for the basalt fiber-reinforced bentonite cement paste (BFBCP), with a basalt fiber length of 9 mm and content of 0.6%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows that the randomly distributed basalt fiber (BF) forms a spatial network structure in basalt fiber-reinforced bentonite cement paste (BFBCP), which composes a stress system under the action of cementation. Basalt fibers (BF) used in crack generation processes slow down the flow through bridging and occur in the substrate to improve the mechanical properties of basalt fiber-reinforced bentonite cement paste (BFBCP).

For sites where volatile organic compounds are present, the direct push method, in combination with other sensors for investigation, is a powerful method. The investigation process is an integrated drilling and sensing process, but the trajectory of the probe carrying the sensor is ambiguous. This paper explores and introduces the application of a chain-type direct push drilling rig by designing and building a chain-type direct push miniature drilling rig. This rig allows for indoor experimental studies of direct push trajectories. The chain-type direct push drilling model is proposed based on the mechanism of chain transmission. The drilling rig provides a steady direct thrust through the chain, which is driven by a hydraulic motor. In addition, the drilling tests and results described prove that the chain could be applied to direct push drilling. The chain-type direct push drilling rig can drill to a depth of 1940 mm in single-pass and up to 20,000 mm in multiple passes. The test results also indicate that it drills a total length of 462.461 mm and stops after 87.545 s of operation. The machine can provide a drilling angle of 0–90° and keep the borehole angle fluctuating within 0.6° with the characteristics of strong adjustability, flexibility, continuity, stability, and low disturbance, which is of great value and significance for studying the drilling trajectory of direct push tools and obtaining more accurate investigation data.

To enhance the strength of paper cultural relics and prolong the life of paper cultural relics, it is an urgent need to prepare new material for preservation and protection of paper. In this paper, chitosan quaternary ammonium salt/HEC-acrylate was synthesized with O-hydroxypropyl trimethyl quaternary ammonium salt chitosan (O-HACC) and Hydroxyethyl Cellulose (HEC)-acrylate emulsion, the synthesized materials has multiple functions, such as deacidification, reinforcement, anti-mildew and antibacterial etc. The synthesized new materials were applied on paper, and their protective effect was evaluated by testing the mechanical and optical properties and antibacterial properties of the paper. The results showed that when the mass concentration of O-HACC was 0.6 %, the tensile strength, folding times and tearing strength of the paper coated with protective solution were improved to a certain extent, while the optical properties and appearance of the paper remained basically unchanged. Meanwhile, the paper also had certain anti-mildew and bacterial resistance.

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